sider on the Draft Rubrics and Additional Services Bill.

Deputation to the Queen.-A deputation representing the upper and lower houses of the Convocation of Canterbury was received by the Queen at Windsor Castle, March 8, to present an address from the members of the two houses congratulating Her Majesty on her accession to the fiftieth year of her reign. The address, after the words of congratulation, related that during the year that had elapsed since the convocation had last had the privilege of approaching the Throne, ample evidence had been afforded of "the steady progress of the Church of England in her works of duty and love, and a constant strengthening of attachment to her communion. Some measure (though an inadequate one) of that attachment appears in the vast amount of free-will offerings devoted to the work of the Church of England and Wales. There is no part of the country which is not yielding abundant signs of this progress and this devotion. One event there has been in our own history fruitful (as we trust) of good counsels and good works. An elective House of Laymen is invited to deliberate, not as a part of the constitutional convocation, but as a body of advisers at its side. The experience and judgment of many distinguished men thus become readily available for the service of the Church."

The Queen, in her reply, said: "I rejoice with you in observing the substantial progress of the Church of England and the increasing zeal manifested alike by clergy and laity. The willingness of the laity to organize a voluntary representative body to assist with their counsel and advice, when required, the deliberations of the House of Convocation, is much to be commended."

Convocation of York. The Convocation of York met February 15. The archbishop, in his opening address, spoke concerning a projected fusion of the two convocations, which, he said, should be viewed with regard to its bearings on the question of disestablishment. The establishment of the Church of England as a national church was expressed by a few elements. They were, the power of the Crown to summon convocation, the nomination of bishops, the visitational power of the Crown, appeal from ecclesiastical courts to the Crown, the fact that no change could take place in the doctrine or worship of the Church without the consent of the Crown expressed by Parliament, and the power of modifying the regulations of the Church by means of statutes. There remained for consideration the plan of a delegation of each convocation to meet together to discuss all convocation business. The combined influence of the delegations, and of convocation, would be great, and it was also conceivable that, by the method suggested, convocation might be altered from assemblies for discussion to bodies where serious business would be considered and accomplished.

A discussion took place between the two houses with reference to the procedure in debating the scheme which was thus brought forward. The lower house desired to meet with the upper house in considering the question, then to retire and debate, and vote upon the matter in separate session. The President of the upper house did not feel free to grant this request, and thought it best for each house to proceed with business, the upper house, as usual, sending down information to the lower house as occasion might arise. The proposition for the joint meeting of the two Convocations by delegations, as approved by the upper house, provides that all the members of that house shall be its delegation, while the delegation of the lower house shall consist of the prolocutor and 35 members, chosen by a committee of selection; that the rights and privileges of the delegates of either house shall apply to the meetings of the delegates in like manner as to the sessions of the Houses themselves; that the York delegation shall vote separately, if any four members of either house shall demand it; and that the joint delegations shall have power to discuss any business which may be submitted by the president of either Convocation, and may pass resolutions thereon, provided that such resolutions are to be considered as recommendations only, which the whole Convocation may afterward discuss and adopt, if they shall think fit. The lower house resolved that "it is greatly to be desired that there should be a joint meeting annually of the Convocations of Canterbury and York," and approved of provisions for the nominating of delegates to attend it. The president said, with reference to obtaining a right of access of the Convocation to the Throne, that he had made an effort in that direction some years ago, and had obtained from the Home Office a distinct refusal. A resolution was passed by the lower house in February, 1886, but he did not consider that he should again go to the Crown to receive the same reply, without some new matter in the form of an address of the house, or the like. A suggestion had been made that in this jubilee year a new attempt should be made to obtain a place for presenting their address in person. The lower house passed a declaration in favor of the revival of diocesan synods, and recommended that advantage be taken of this year of jubilee to form a fund for augmenting the stipends of poorer benefices, and the relief of impoverished clergymen.

Church Missionary Society. The anniversary of the Church Missionary Society was held in London, May 3. Sir John Kennaway presided. The ordinary income of the society had been £207,793, or £6,555 in excess of the ordinary income of the previous year, which was the largest that had then been returned in the history of the society. The total amount of the receipts on all accounts, had been £234,639. Eighteen young men, university graduates,

and four young women, had been accepted for missionary work, and twelve young men were in training. Among the special features of the missionary work mentioned in the report, was the contemplated sending out, in the fall, of a special mission to India, for the purpose of holding services for the native Christians akin to those of the parochial missions at home. The society returns 230 ordained and 58 other European missionaries, 11 ordained Eurasian and 250 ordained native missionaries, 25 Eurasian teachers, 3,789 native helpers and teachers, 42,717 communicants, and 185,878 adherents.

A review of the work of the society during the past fifty years, embodied in the report, showed that during that period more than 900 missionaries had been sent out, 355 native clergymen had been ordained, and 80,000 adult converts, and tens of thousands of their children, had been baptized.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.-The annual meeting of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was held on Feb. 19. The Lord Bishop of Rochester presided. The receipts of the society for the year had been £105,712, of which £86,966 had been for the general fund, and £18,743 for special funds. A further sum of £1,678 had been received for certain invested trust funds. The society employed 595 ordained missionaries, of whom 128 were natives of the countries in which they were laboring, and 1,700 lay agents, the majority of whom were natives, at 461 stations, situated in 75 colonial dioceses. The missions of this society are directed to the Christian subjects of the British colonies as well as to the Mohammedan and heathen subjects of the empire, and nearly half of its income is devoted to missions in India.

The Liberation Society.-The annual meeting of the Society for the Liberation of Religion from the Patronage and Control of the State, was held on May 4. Mr. G. Osborne Morgan, M. P., presided, and in his address urged vigorous agitation of the principle of disestablishment, whether a "practical question" be offered or not, and invited special attention to the movement for disestablishment in Wales. The annual report of the society said that the year had not been a favorable one for its agitation.

The Case of Mr. Bell Cox.-The case of Mr. Bell Cox, to which reference is made in the proceedings of the Convocation of Canterbury, had been before the courts for nearly two years, and originated in a process for ritualism instituted against him by a gentleman not of his parish. At any early stage in the proceedings, a series of monitions had been addressed to him by Lord Penzance, directing him to discontinue the practices complained of. He paid no attention to them, and in June, 1886, an order was issued suspending him from his office for six months. This he likewise disregarded. Then, in August, Lord Penzance declared him contumacious, when a complication arose, based

upon the fact that the order of suspension had been issued, not by Lord Penzance himself, but by his surrogate in York. Mr. Bell Cox therefore applied to the Queen's Bench Division to prohibit the issue of the writ de contumacio capiendo, resting upon this informality. The case was decided against him, by both the court of first instance and the court of appeal. In the mean time, however, the order of suspension had run out, and it was no longer possible for him to be contumacious. Nevertheless he was imprisoned. Upon the ground, however, as shown, that the cause of action against him had already expired when the order for his imprisonment actually took effect, an order for his release was issued on the 20th of May, and he was at once discharged.

The Church Congress. The twenty-seventh Church Congress met at Wolverhampton, October 3, and was opened with a sermon by the Bishop of Durham. The Bishop of Lichfield presided over the sessions, and in his inaugural address reviewed what the twenty years that had elapsed since the Congress had previously met at Wolverhampton had done for the Church, and what lessons they had left behind them. The Education Act, which, it had been feared, would work disastrously to the schools of the Church, had had an opposite effect, in quickening its zeal in behalf of religious education. The Burials Act had not resulted in the prevalence of irregularities, which had been apprehended. The period had been signalized by the meeting of the Lambeth or Pan-Anglican Conference, at which one hundred bishops had assembled from all parts of the world, under the presidency of the Primate of England. Five new bishoprics had been created within the Church of England, "an event without parallel during the last three centuries." Ancient churches, such as those of Assyria, Armenia, and Egypt, were beginning to come into relations with the English Church. The revision of the Holy Scriptures had been begun and completed. The discussion of the relations of the Bible and science, which had gone on unceasingly, was continued, but with changed character and under changing conditions. The time of loud assertion and of angry controversy was passing. Timid minds were still staggered by the discoveries of science, but they were beginning to remember that all truth is of God. The honest doubter was no longer regarded as a criminal, but as an invalid. It was even admitted that there might be a considerable religious element in doubt. The Archbishop of Canterbury followed with an address on the influence of the Church upon society. The first subject for formal discussion was "The Church and History," which was considered under the three heads-"The Evangelization of England," by the Rev. H. Hensley Henson; "The Relations of the English Church with Rome in the Middle Ages," by the Rev. Canon Creighton and the Rev. J. D. C. Cox; and "The Ref

ormation Settlement," by the Rev. Canon Curteis. On the general topic of "The Adaptation of Spiritual Agencies to Modern Needs, the agency of " Preaching Orders" was treated of by Mr. G. S. S. Vidal; "Itinerating Missions," by the Rev. S. J. W. Sanders; and "Teaching Missions," by the Rev. Canon F. E. Carter. The Bishop of Ossory and Mr. G. C. E. Maline, with voluntary speakers, spoke on "The Priesthood of the Laity; its Responsibilities and Privileges." The subject of "Elasticity of Worship was introduced in papers by Archdeacon Watkins and the Rev. Prebendary Dumbleton, who were followed by Earl Beauchamp, the Rev. J. E. C. Welldon, and other speakers. The question of "Tithes" was discussed by Mr. P. Vernon Smith, Mr. Jasper Most, M. P., and Prebendary Grier. On the question of "The Use of the Influence and Organization of the Church for the purpose of Alleviating Distress and giving a more Intelligent Direction to the Movements of the Population, and by the Systematic Promotion of Emigration and Colonization," the Rev. Prebendary Billing considered the evil of the migration of people from the rural districts to the large towns; Mr. James Rankin, M. P., spoke on emigration; and the Earl of Meath advocated colonization by the Church; "The Relations of the Church of England to Eastern Churches the Armenian, Assyrian, Coptic, and Native Indian Churches," were discussed by the Rev. Dr. E. L. Cutts, Mr. Athelstan Riley, the Rev. E. A. B. Owen, and Bishop Blyth, of Jerusalem. Regarding "The Church in Africa," papers were read on Early Churches," by Prof. G. T. Stokes; "Mohammedanism," by Canon Isaac Taylor; and "Modern Missionary Advances and Hindrances," by Archdeacon Hamilton and Prebendary W.J.Edwards. At evening and other special meetings were considered the subjects of "Hindrances to Religion in Common Life," by the Bishops of Carlisle and others; "The Sunday-School in its Relation to the Church," by Canon Bowley; "The Home Duties and Domestic Relations of Educated Women"; "Child-Life in our Great Cities," by the Bishop of Bedford and other speakers; "Christian Evidences," by Mr. H. T. Davenport, M. P., the Bishop of Manchester, and others; "Socialism and Christianity," by the Bishop of Derry, Mr. H. H. Champion, and Mr. Stanley Leighton, M. P.; and "The Devotional Life of the Church as illustrated by Religious Societies of the Eighteenth Century, by Guilds and Associations for Communicants, for Prayer and Bible Reading, etc., and by Retreats and Quiet Days,” by the Rev. W. H. Barlow, the Rev. R. S. Hassard, Prof. Stokes, and other speakers.

ARCHEOLOGY. (American.) Data for American Prehistoric Chronology.-Dr. Daniel G. Brinton delivered an address as its chairman before the Section of Anthropology of the American Association, on the "Prehistoric Chronology of America." The means at our command, he

said, for reconstructing the history of the peoples who inhabited America during the prehistoric period could be divided into six classes:

First were the legends or traditions of the various tribes. The resemblance which many of them bore to Semitic or Oriental myths must be regarded as coincidences only. In the case of the savage tribes, ignorant of writing, it is probable that the lapse of five generations, or say two centuries, completely obliterates all recollection of historic occurrences. The case is not much better with the semi-civilized nations-the Mayas and Nahuas, or the Quichuas of Peru. The chronicles of Mexico proper contain no fixed date prior to that of the founding of Tenochtitlan, A. D. 1325. When we turn to the monumental data, we find it doubtful whether the edifices of the Pueblo Indians, or any of the great structures of Mexico, Yucatan, and Peru supply prehistoric dates of excessive antiquity. The pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona were constructed by the ancestors of the tribes who still inhabit the region, and at no distant day. There is every reason to suppose that the same is true of all the stone and brick edifices of Mexico and Central America. The majority of them were occupied at the period of the conquest; others were in process of building, and of others the record of their construction was clearly in memory. There were, indeed, some once fine cities fallen to ruins, and sunk into oblivion, such as Palenque and T'Ho, on the site of the present city of Merida. But tradition, and the present condition of the sites, unite in the probability that they do not antedate the conquest more than a few centuries. A more ancient class of monuments are the artificial shell-heaps along the shores of both oceans, and of many rivers of North and South America. They differ widely in antiquity. Those of Maine contain bones of the great auk, which now exists only in the Arctic regions. Of great antiquity, also, are the shell-heaps of Costa Rica, estimated by Dr. Earle Flint to be 20,000 years old, and the Sambaquis of Brazil, which were coeval with a race different from that which occupied the country when it was discovered by the white man. This class of monuments, therefore, supply us with data that prove man's existence in America in the Diluvial, Quaternary, or Pleistocene epoch, which was characterized by extinct species.

Of the third class, or industrial evidences, the oldest shell-heaps hitherto examined in Brazil, Guiana, Costa Rica, and Florida, supply fragments of pottery, of polished stone, and compound implements occur even from the lowest strata; but, venerable though they are, they furnish no date older than what in Europe would be regarded as of the Neolithic period. The arrow-heads found in the lakebeds of Nebraska, and the net-sinkers and celts from the gold-bearing gravels of California, prove by their form and finish that the tribes who fashioned them had already taken long

strides beyond the culture of the earlier Palæolithic age. The only station in America that has furnished an ample line of really and exclusively primitive specimens, is that of the Trenton gravels, in New Jersey. They were of a date much earlier than the extinction of the native American horse and the mastodon. There is nothing unlikely, therefore, in the reported discoveries of man's pointed flints and his bones in place along with the remains of these quadrupeds. There is no a priori argument against mastodon mounds and pipes, but their authenticity is merely a question of evidence. The material of which implements are made supplies us data. All of the oldest implements are manufactured from rocks of the locality. When, therefore, we find a weapon of a material not obtainable in the locality, as the obsidian of the Yellowstone Park in Ohio, and the black slate of Vancouver's Island in Delaware, we have a sure indication that it belongs to a period of development considerably later than the earliest. The extension of cultivated plants, as of maize and tobacco-plants of Southern Mexico, which were cultivated from Canada to Patagonia—is also evidence of considerable development.

Another source of evidence is in the consideration of languages, of which there are about eighty stocks in North and one hundred in South America, some of them having scores of dialects spoken over wide areas. Nothing less than a vast antiquity, stretching back tens of thousands of years, can explain this exceeding diversity of languages and their dialects.

More attention has been paid to the physical than to the linguistic data of the native Americans, but with not more satisfactory results. The most accurate examinations of their physical characteristics show that, with a great diversity in details, essentially the same type prevails over the whole of both continents, and Prof. J. Kollmann, of Basle, has concluded, from analysis of the cranioscopic formulas of the most ancient American skulls, that the physical identity of the American race is as extended in time as it is in space; and we may declare that throughout the whole continent, and from its earliest appearance in time, it is and has been one, as distinct in type as any other race, and from its isolation probably the purest in all its racial traits.

The geological evidences are such that no one who examines them will now deny that man lived in both North and South America immediately after the Glacial epoch, and that he was the contemporary of many species now extinct. Some discoveries are said to place the human species in America previous to the appearance of the glaciers; but they have not been of a character to convince the archæologist. In the light of present knowledge we can not assume any immigration from Africa or Southwestern Europe, or Polynesia; and zoologists hesitate, from the lack of other types near enough to him in development, to consider man

an autochthon in the New World. From the theories of man's origin at a primal center, which is the one most agreeable to anthropologists, the earliest Americans must have made their advent on this continent as immigrants. But we can not assign the position of the immigration on the scale of geologic time, till we have more complete discoveries.

Work of the Bureau of Ethnology.-The Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution having undertaken an exploration of the mounds in the United States on an extensive scale, has so far made a prominent feature of its plan the search for and study of the various forms and types of the works and minor vestiges of art, and the marking out of the different archæological districts as disclosed by investigation. Operations have been carried on in Southwestern Wisconsin and the adjoining districts of Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois, the northeastern part of Missouri, the western part of Southern Illinois, Southeastern Missouri, the eastern part of Arkansas, certain points in Northern and Western Mississippi, the Kanawha valley of West Virginia, East Tennessee, Western North Carolina, Northern Georgia, and a few points in Northern Florida. Some work has also been done in New York, Ohio, Kentucky, West Tennessee, Alabama, and Southwestern Georgia. Hundreds of groups have been examined, and in most cases surveyed, platted, and described. More than 2,000 mounds have been explored, including almost every known type as to form, and not less than 38,000 specimens have been obtained. Some singular and unexpected discoveries have been made of objects in relatively modern styles. Some of these things clearly pertained to intrusive burials, but a large portion of them appear to have been placed in the mounds at the time they were constructed, and in connection with the original interment. From the data so far obtained by the bureau and other workers in the same field, the conclusions are drawn, according to the report of Dr. Cyrus Thomas, that the mound-builders of the area designated consisted of a number of tribes or peoples bearing about the same relations to one another and occupying about the same status in culture as the Indian tribes that inhabited the country when it was first visited by Europeans; that the archæological districts, as determined by the investigations, conform to a certain extent to the localities of the tribes or groups of cognate Indians at the time of the discovery; and that the theory is not justified by trustworthy discoveries that the builders belonged to a highlycivilized race, or that they were people who had attained a higher status in culture than the Indians. It also appears that each tribe adopted several different methods of burial, at which often some kind of a religious or superstitious ceremony was performed, in which fire played a conspicuous part; but there is no evidence that human sacrifices were offered. The custom of removing the flesh before the final

burial prevailed more or less extensively. The large flat-topped mounds in the southern districts are thought to have been occupied, as a general rule, by the council-houses and the residences of the chiefs and principal personages of the tribes; and it seems to have been a common custom when deaths occurred in dwellings standing on low mounds, to bury in the floors of the dwellings, burn the houses, and heap mounds over them before they were entirely consumed or while the embers were yet smoldering. The links that have been discovered connecting the Indians and mound-builders are held to be numerous and well established. The statements of the early navigators and explorers concerning the habits, customs, circumstances, etc., of the Indians when first visited by Europeans are largely confirmed by what has been discovered in these works. This is declared to be especially true as to Arkansas, Georgia, and other Southern States, where the discoveries made by the assistants of the bureau bear out even to details the statements of the chroniclers of De Soto's expedition and of the early French explorers. The testimony of the mounds is regarded as decidedly against the theory that the moundbuilders were Mayas or Mexicans who were afterward driven south, and as equally against Morgan's theory that relates them to the Pueblos of New Mexico. From evidences of contact with European civilization, which have been already referred to, which can not be attributed to intrusive burial, it is believed that a goodly number of the mounds were built subsequently to the discovery of the continent by Europeans.

Funeral Rites of Certain Mound-Builders. In the explorations in the valley of the Little Miami river, Ohio, by F. W. Putnam, in behalf of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, two mounds in Brown County bore evidence in their interior of fire having been kept up on the spot for a long time. Marks of post-holes around the ash-beds in both of these mounds showed that structures had been erected over them, and the charcoal contained in the post-holes of one of the mounds indicated that the posts had been burned. Dr. Putnam offers as an interpretation of the history of this mound: "Apparently there was originally here a wooden structure which was burned, and this was followed by a long-continued fire until the immense bed of compact ashes had been formed. On this, in some places, clay had been placed and burned hard. Over this bed of ashes clay mixed with ashes, either from the edges of the bed or from some other fire, had been placed, and over all the thick layer of clay, making a mound of at least 60 feet in diameter by at least 8 in height." For the origin of the mounds and the fires, the explanation is offered that they commemorated ceremonies connected with the dead. In the search among the burial-places near Madisonville, a considerable number of graves were opened which had

been carefully constructed of stones, and in which the skeletons lay at full length on the back. In many of these graves the bones of the hand held spool-shaped ornaments made of hammered copper, which the explorations had proved to be ear-ornaments. Such ornaments had previously been found in various parts of Ohio and west to the Mississippi in Illinois and Tennessee, but not in the stone-graves of the Cumberland valley, or among the graves associated with the ash-pits in the cemeteries of the Little Miami valley, or with the skeletons buried in the stone-mounds or in the simple burial-mounds of Ohio. They seemed to be particularly associated with a people with whom cremation of the dead, while a rite, was not general, and who built the great earthworks of the Miami valley. Cremation and inhumation were everywhere found to have been connected with the mortuary rites of the people whose graves these were.

Decipherment of Mexican Manuscripts.-Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, who is familiar with the Nahuatl language of Mexico, has found, by a translation into that language of the phonetic symbols of the ancient Mexican documents known as the Vienna Codex and the Selden and Bodleian manuscripts, that these entire codices are composed of signs representing parts of speech forming in combination words and sentences, and has discovered determinative signs making the interpretation of the writing certain. She is satisfied that the documents in question are records of lands, tributes, tithes, and taxes; and she is convinced by a partial decipherment of portions of them, that the Borgian, Vatican, and Fejeroary codices do not relate, as has been supposed and maintained, to astrological and exclusively religious matters, but deal with the details of a commercial form of government.

Assyrian and Babylonian Antiquity of the Cuneiform Characters.—Mr. A. H. Sayce has called attention to the fact, as presented by a comparison of the older and the later cuneiform inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia, which are particularly illustrated in the "Tableau comparé des Écritures Babylonienne et Assyrienne" of Messrs. A. Amiand and L. Méchineau, that "in most instances the oldest form of a character which we know is as widely different from the original picture represented by it, as are the latest forms met with in Babylonian and Assyrian texts. Not only is the character already cuneiform, the primitive curves and connected lines having become angular and broken, but it is generally impossible to tell any longer what is the object intended to be depicted. The hieratic characters of Egypt have departed less widely from their primitive pictorial forms than have the earliest specimens of cuneiform writing with which we are acquainted. And yet the monuments of Telloh (see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1882), upon which these degenerated hieroglyphs occur, go back to the fourth millennium before our era, and still