apolis, Decatur, and Western and the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago. Its railroad facilities give it great advantage as a distributing center, and the Belt railroad system handles half of the 4,000 cars used daily, outside the city. All parts of the city are connected by a street-railway transfer system, and several cable-lines connecting suburbs are projected. The erection of a new State house, after ten years' labor, and at a cost of $2,000,000, and the Union Passenger Station, at a cost of $250,000, indicate the recent growth of the city. The development of natural-gas fields in close proximity to the city has given manufacturing interests a prodigious impetus, and numerous concerns, employing millions of dollars of capital and thousands of persons, will probably move from other cities to Indianapolis if facilities for using the gas are effected. The tax duplicates show the value of the real and personal property to be in excess of $50,000,000. The amount of capital invested in manufacturing is $16,000,000, employment is given to 15,000 persons, and annually $30,000,000 worth of goods is produced. The principal manufacturing interest is that of iron goods; but upholstered goods and furniture are also extensively manufactured. The grain-trade is mainly the growth of the past ten years, and the several elevators have an aggregate capacity of 1,000,000 bushels. The stock-yards have also been a recent growth, and transact a business of great magnitude. They have a capacity of 4,000 head of cattle and 35,000 hogs and sheep. The receipts annually are: Hogs, 1,068,387; cattle, 961,698; sheep, 120,389; horses, 16,158. Half of these receipts are consumed by local packers.

Kingston, the shire town of Ulster County, N. Y., the tide-water terminus of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, the eastern terminus of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad, and the northern terminus of the Wallkill Valley Railroad. It is picturesquely situated at the foot of the Catskill mountains, on the west bank of Hudson river, 88 miles north of New York and 54 miles south of Albany. The West Shore Railroad passes through the city, which is a point of departure for the Catskills and the Stony Clove Notch. The streets are wide, well paved, and lighted by electricity and gas. The abundant water-supply is brought by gravity from the Catskills, seven miles distant. Horse-cars and a cheap cab system connect the most distant points of the place. The city is bounded by Esopus creek on the north, the Hudson on the east, and the Rondout on the south, and next to Albany is the most important shipping-point on the Hudson. The principal shipments are coal, cement, brick, bluestone, ice, lime, hoops, hides, woodenware, butter, milk, and fruit. Boat-building is car ried on extensively, and large manufacturing interests are being established. The value of bluestone shipped in 1887 was $2,000,000, and 60,000,000 bricks were manufactured and

shipped between the opening and close of navigation in 1887, and during the same period between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 barrels of hydraulic cement were shipped. A new city hall has recently been erected. Kingston Academy, founded in 1784, Ulster Academy, Hillside Seminary, and several public schools are crowded with pupils. Nearly 500 buildings, principally private residences, have been erected since Jan. 1, 1887.

Knoxville, the third city in size in Tennessee, on the Tennessee river, in the center of the famous fertile valley of East Tennessee, 250 miles east of Nashville. The population in 1880 was 9,639; in August, 1887, by actual enumeration, it was 37,026. Since that time the population has increased at the rate of 1,000 a month, owing to the development of coal and iron mines, opening of marble quarries, erection of large manufactories, and the building of new railroads. In August, 1887, the city of Knoxville voted $500,000 to the stock of two new railroads-one, the Powell's Valley, to the Cumberland Gap coal-fields, where is found the finest coking coal; and the other the Knoxville Southern, southward through exhaustless beds of magnetic iron-ore. In October, 1887, the city voted another $100,000 to the stock of the Carolina, Knoxville, and Western Railroad, a line from Knoxville to the sea at Port Royal. Railroads now come into Knoxville from eight directions, and the city is connected with all the railroad systems of the South. Knoxville is one of the principal wholesale trade-centers of the South, having an annual business of $36,000,000. In 1880 the capital invested in manufacturing was $886,900, employing 881 hands. In 1887 the amount of capital in manufacturing was $5,783,000, and the number of hands employed 5,786. The principal manufactories are iron-mills, marblemills, zinc-works, lumber-mills, cotton-mills, woolen-mills, car-wheel foundries, car-factories, soap-factories, furniture-factories, tanneries, stove-foundries, and wagon-factories. In all, Knoxville has 150 manufacturing establishments. In 1886 a new court-house was completed at a cost of $200,000; also the East Tennessee Hospital for the Insane,' at a cost of $275,000, an opera-house costing $60,000, and a public library costing $50,000. The United States Custom-House and Post-Office is built of East Tennessee marble, and cost $500,000.

Los Angeles, the county-seat of Los Angeles County, Cal., on the Los Angeles river, 482 miles from San Francisco, 13 miles from the ocean. The population in 1870 was 8,000; in 1880, 11,183; in 1887, estimated at 70,000. Six railroads have their terminal points in the city, besides several motor-roads, which run from five to fifteen miles into the suburban districts. Several other lines are making Los Angeles their objective point. Horse - car tracks are laid in the principal streets, and there are also two cable-roads and two electric

roads, with several others building. Work has been begun on a complete system of cableroads, to cost $1,500,000, which will be the most extensive possessed by any city in the world. Congress has appropriated $150,000 for a public building, the site of which has been purchased; $200,000 has been voted for a new court-house, work on which is begun; a new jail, costing $23,000, has just been completed, and work on a city hall, to cost $185,000, is well under way. At present (December, 1887), 1,200 houses are in course of erection within the city limits, many of them large blocks. The main streets are paved with granite blocks and asphaltum. The city has been lighted by electricity for five years. Water is supplied by three systems, all drawing from the river. There are 11 banks, with over $5,000,000 resources. The city has 6 parks. The headquarters of the Arizona military district are here. The public-school system is complete, and there is also a university. The exports of produce by rail from Los Angeles amounted last year to 79,158,407 pounds. The chief articles of export are citrus fruits, deciduous fruits (dried and green), raisins, wine, brandy, and wool. There were imported, by way of San Pedro, 125,543,000 feet of lumber and 118,536 tons of coal. The chief resource of Los Angeles consists in its climate and soil. The growth of citrus fruits, though still in its infancy, has assumed large proportions, and is constantly increasing. Almost every known agricultural and horticultural product can be grown in the Los Angeles valley. The health-giving climate, which is mild and salubrious all the year round, is attracting thousands of people from the East, who make their homes here. Costly and tasteful residences, embowered in orange-groves, are being built in every direction. Petroleum is found in great abundance, at convenient distances from the city. There are 5 foundries and iron-works, and the manufacture of iron water-pipe employs 10 establishments. There are 2 flouring mills, 10 wineries, 8 distilleries, several canneries and fruit-evaporating works, 5 planing-mills, and a number of smaller manufacturing establishments. The city assessment for 1887 amounts to $41,696,312, against $16,432,435 for the previous year.

Lynchburg, the principal inland city of Virginia, on James river, 150 miles above Richmond, 174 miles by rail south-by-west of Washington, D. C. According to the revised census of 1880, the population of the city proper was 15,959, of which number 7,485 were whites and 8,474 negroes. Three lines of railroad cross at this point, and ground has been broken for a fourth, to connect the city with Durham, N. C., and place it within reach of a section famous for fine, bright tobaccos. Besides many handsome residences and business houses, a custom-house is being built by the United States Government. The city is liberally provided with public-school buildings for both

races; and there is a handsome orphan asylum, endowed by the late Samuel Miller with $350,000 besides real estate. Ample waterpower is furnished by James river, which is 600 feet wide and has an average depth of 4 feet, a series of dams in and above the city affording a fall of 20 feet. The principal trade and manufacture of the city is tobacco, of which the sales in 1871 aggregated 17,425,539 lbs.; in 1886 they amounted to 49,332,050 lbs. unmanufactured leaf. Of this latter amount, 21,710,723 lbs. were exported, and the remaining 27,621,327 lbs. were manufactured in the city for home markets. There are 25 factories engaged in making chewing-tobacco, 9 making smoking-tobacco, 3 making cigarettes, 1 making snuff, 1 making tobacco-extract, and 1 making tobacco-fertilizer; besides 6 warehouses, 1 storage-warehouse, manufactures of boxes, machinery, etc. In 1868 the total values of the city in real, personal, and mixed property were $3,264,705, which in 1883 had increased to $12,695,874. The total bank-capital, surplus, and deposits had increased during the same period from $537,811.82 to $3,428,078.17. A growing industry is the manufacture of iron of all kinds, from native ores, which is represented by three furnace and rolling-mill companies. The city is well supplied with water, lighted by electricity, and traversed on its principal thoroughfares by street-car lines. Within the past five years several large wholesale houses have been opened in various lines of goods, and have met with most encouraging experience in building up a southern and local trade.

Manitou, a summer resort in El Paso County, Col., eighty miles south of Denver, and six miles from the Harvard Observatory, on the summit of Pike's Peak. The town contains 10 large hotels, 3 stone railroad station-houses, and a very large bath-house for mineral-water bathing. The streets and buildings are lighted by electricity. The chief natural attractions about Manitou are the "Garden of the Gods,” Cheyenne and Manitou cañons, the "Cave of the Winds,' ""Grand Caverns," Rainbow Falls, Ute Pass, "Glen Eyrie," and Pike's Peak. The summit of Pike's Peak may be reached by trail from Manitou in four hours. There are 9 cold mineral springs at Manitou, 6 effervescent soda and 3 iron. The Navajo soda-spring flows 6,000,000 gallons annually. This water and the iron-waters are bottled for the market. Capital employed, $75,000. Manitou may be reached by rail from Denver or Pueblo. During 1887 two electric plants were put in operation in the town, a new railroad connection was made, a new stone city hall was built, and water-works with four miles of iron mains. The number of visitors in 1887 was estimated at 70,000. The industries are lime and stone quarrying. The present population is 1,050.

Montreal, the metropolis and chief port of the Dominion of Canada, on the island of Montreal, in the Province of Quebec, in lati

Norristown, a borough and the county seat of Montgomery County, Pa., on Schuylkill river, seventeen miles by rail northwest of Philadelphia. It extends two miles along the left bank of the river, rising by a series of terraces to a height of 200 feet above the water. Its area is 2,300 acres. The population in 1870 was 10,753; in 1880, 13.063; in 1887, 18,736. The mortality, according to the census of 1880, was 12.74 per thousand. The town's funded debt is $73,000. The value of its taxable real estate, etc., is $7,551,541. Three railroads run through the borough, and two more at Bridgeport, on the opposite side of the Schuylkill, are of easy access. Two telegraph lines have offices in the town, and eighty telephones are in use. There are two street-railways with an aggregate trackage of seven miles, two electriclight companies, a board of trade with 300 members, and a land and improvement company. A project well under way contemplates the formation of a trust to provide capital for new manufactories brought to Norristown. All the streets are macadamized. The buildings are all of brick or stone, frame structures being prohibited in the thickly-settled parts of the town. In 1887 250 new dwellings were erected. The industries are varied its 84 manufacturing establishments include 12 ironworks, 18 woolen, cotton, and carpet mills, 4 hosiery factories, 3 shirt factories, 5 flouringmills, 5 brick-works, and a glass-works. The total number of persons employed in the town in manufactures is 3,511, and the total value of the property used for manufacturing purposes, $3,013,000. Among the public institutions are two opera-houses, a large marble court-house, built in 1854, at a cost of $150,000, 19 churches, a library of 2,300 volumes, and another of 6,000 volumes, 5 public schools, 372 business establishments, 7 building and loan associations, 45 secret, beneficial, and literary societies, 3 national banks, 1 private bank, and a trust, insurance, and safe-deposit company; 5 weekly and 3 daily papers are published. The Hospital for the Insane of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania is on high ground in the northern part of Norristown. The institution comprises twenty massive brick buildings, and has 1,600 patients. The watersupply of Norristown is obtained from the Schuylkill (at a point where the river is 800 feet wide) by means of submerged pipes. The reservoir, 194 feet above the surface of the river, has a capacity of 110,000,000 gallons, the daily pumping capacity of the water-works machinery being 2,500,000 gallons. Over 21 miles of distribution-pipe are laid. The builtup portion of Norristown has been doubled in size within the past ten years, the greatest changes occurring within the four years previous to 1888, during which street-railways were built, electric lights introduced, a board of trade established, and a general impetus given to manufacture. Its proximity to Philadelphia and the low price of commutation

tickets have combined to make it the home of many men whose business is conducted in Philadelphia.

Oakland, a city of Alameda County, Cal., on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. The population in 1870 was 10,500; in 1880, 34,555; and in 1887 was estimated at 70.000. It is connected with the interior of the State by the Southern Pacific Company's system of railroads and the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. On account of its harbor facilities it is admirably adapted for commercial and manufacturing purposes. Woolen and cotton fabrics, jute bags, flour, nails, glass-ware, agricultural implements, files, tacks, boots and shoes, and furniture form the principal manufactured products. Being a suburb of San Francisco, it is a city of schools, churches, and homes. The streets are well kept, and the city presents a pleasant appearance on account of its fine residences and grounds. The climate is remarkable for its uniformity. The mean maximum temperature for the decade ending in 1885 was 91°, and the mean lowest temperature for the same period, 32°. Delicate plants, as the heliotrope, fuchsia, and geraniums, thrive out of doors during the winter months. The city is well supplied with cable and horse cars, and communication is regularly maintained with San Francisco- eight miles distant-by a system of steam cars and ferries running at intervals of fifteen minutes.

Pasadena, a city of Los Angeles County, Cal. In 1883 the population was about 1,200; in January, 1888, it was estimated at 12,000. It has 10 miles of graded streets; 11 churches; one of the finest school-buildings in California; a free public library of 10,000 volumes in a fireproof building that has also accommodations for natural history collections; 4 banks; good hotels; and many beautiful villa residences. Twelve railway trains arrive and depart daily. The newly incorporated Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railroad will soon enter the city through one of the wildest passes of the Sierra Madre mountains. There is an open trail from the city to the summit of the range, where a hotel is to be built 4,000 feet above sea-level. The city is surrounded by immense fruitranches, and manufactures large quantities of wine.

Pawtucket, a city of Rhode Island, incorporated in 1886, four miles north of Providence, and at the head of navigation on Pawtucket river. The population in 1885 was 19,030, and in 1887 a little over 23,000. Three lines of railroads pass through the city, and horse-car tracks were laid in the principal streets in 1886. Water was introduced in 1878, and the cost of the present water-works is $1,333,000. In December, 1887, $150,000 was voted for a new pumping station. In 1887 there were received at this port 150,000 tons of coal, 5,000,000 feet of lumber, 1,800,000 bricks, 11,000 casks of cement, 4,000 casks of lime, 6,000 feet of North river stone, 1,200 bales of cotton, 250 tons of

soda-ash, and 2,000,000 laths and shingles. Exported, 1,000 bales of cotton, 50 tons of scrap-iron, 110 tons of fertilizer, and 150 tons of bone. The industries are varied. There are over 600 establishments that employ labor, and the number of employés is about 15,000. The Conant Thread-Works, with a capital of $2,000,000, employs 2,200 hands; the Dunnell Print-Works, 450 hands; the Union WaddingWorks, 250; and D. Goff & Son's plush and braid mill, 300. The total number of cotton and woolen industries is 28. The first cottonmanufactory in the United States was established in Pawtucket by Samuel Slater.

Portland, the chief city of Oregon, on the Willamette river, twelve miles above the confluence of that stream with the Columbia, and 120 miles from the ocean. Portland was founded in 1847. It is the chief commercial city of the vast region drained by the Columbia river and its tributaries, and is the depot of a large mineral country including extensive gold and silver mines. It is the center of a large inland (steamboat) navigation system, the terminus of three transcontinental railroads, and the center of the railroad system of the Pacific Northwest. Ships ascend the Columbia and Willamette rivers to Portland from the sea, and the shipments of grain, flour, lumber, salmon, and wool are very large. The direct exports by sea to foreign countries of the products of Oregon and Washington Territory from Portland reached in 1887 nearly $20,000,000. The city does a wholesale and jobbing trade amounting to $45,000,000 a year. It contains twenty-six churches; its public and other schools are attended by 9,000 children, and with its suburb, East Portland, which lies just opposite, across the Willamette river, it contains 45,000 inhabitants.

Quebec, a city on the left bank of St. Lawrence river, which here receives the St. Charles, 400 miles from the mouth, 180 miles northeast of Montreal. The population in 1871 was 59,699; in 1881, 62,446. Five railways connect Quebec and the provinces, three of which have their terminus in Levis, a town of 13,000 inhabitants on the south side of the St. Lawrence opposite the city, while the other two enter the city. Ferries cross the river every fifteen minutes in summer, and every halfhour in winter, when there is no ice-bridge. Horse cars run through the principal streets. There are a parliament and departmental building costing $1,200,000, and a court-house costing $800,000. Graving-docks, situated at St. Joseph's, three miles below Quebec on the south shore, costing $500,000, have recently been built. A harbor is in course of construction which will cost $4,000,000. The lumbering interests of this ancient port have fallen off 50 per cent. within the past ten years. The number of arrivals from sea in 1876 was 987, and the clearances 976; in 1886, 501 entered, and 484 cleared. The manufacture of boots and shoes has increased to a large extent of

late, and at present there are 18 factories employing 7,000 operatives, and 34 tanneries, employing 800. Capital to the amount of $18,000,000 is invested in these two industries. Gas and electricity have to some extent been substituted for steam-power. The city was lighted by electricity in 1887. The Quebec and Charlevoix Railway is in course of construction.

Quincy, the capital of Adams County, Ill., and the second city in size in the State. It is on a limestone bluff 130 feet high, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, 160 miles north of St. Louis, and 264 miles south of Chicago. The streets are regularly laid out, three miles in length from north to south, and two and three quarter miles from east to west. In the business portion they are well paved and have numerous fine business blocks. In the residence portion many of the streets are bordered on each side by stately shade-trees. Handsome residences are numerous, surrounded by large, well-kept lawns. The streets are lighted by electricity. Water is supplied through 25 miles of mains from a reservoir with a capacity of 20,000,000 gallons at an elevation of 229 feet, giving an average pressure in the city of 40 pounds. The reservoir is supplied by two pumps 24 miles from the reservoir, which draw their water from the channel of the Mississippi. Six miles of street-car line traverso the streets. The population, by the census of 1880, was 27,300. The present population is estimated at 37,000, about 7,000 of which are foreigners, the major part being Germans, and about 1,500 colored. Quincy has four parks, and two miles east of the city are the fairgrounds. Two miles north from the business center is the Illinois Soldier's and Sailor's Home, which has a fine wooded tract of 140 acres. This home, when completed according to present plans, will be one of the most beautiful in the country. The State has already appropriated $606,500. Seventeen buildings are now completed and others are in course of construction. All the buildings are connected by a tunnel 2,500 feet long with a ventilating shaft 135 feet high. The total number of inmates is 509. The capacity when all the buildings are completed will be 1,000. Quincy has a fine court-house of stone, surrounded by a beautiful park built at a cost of $300,000, a new Federal building just completed at a cost of $230,000, and there are in course of construction a city hall which will cost $100,000, and a hotel to cost $140,000. The city has an extensive trade which it distributes by seven lines of railroad and the Mississippi river. The commercial interests are represented by 1,313 different firms with a capital of $10,300,500. The more important manufactories are 6 stovefoundries with a capital of $1,000,000; 6 machine-shops, capital $300,000; 5 carriage and wagon factories, capital $400,000; 5 flouringmills, capital $400,000; 9 ice-houses, capital $450,000; 27 cigar-manufactories, capital $500,