made to such individuals during the year, provided the combined amount is $3,000 or more.

Irrigation bonds, district.-District irrigation bonds as a rule, if not always, are a lien upon the real estate affected by the irrigation project, and until the corporation has taken such steps as are necessary to protect its rights and enforce the collection of the bonds, it does not appear that the corporation would be warranted in writing out of its assets and deducting from income, as a loss, the face value or any other arbitrarily ascertained amount representing a loss or shrinkage in the value of such bonds.

No fixed rating for depreciation.-This office has fixed no definite rates by which an allowable deduction on account of depreciation in the value of any class of property subject to wear and tear is to be computed.

The rule which this office has established and which is very generally followed by corporations contemplates that an allowable depreciation deduction within the meaning of the Federal income tax law shall be computed upon the basis of the cost of the property and the probable number of years constituting its life.

The life of property necessarily depends upon its character, the uses to which it is put, and the conditions under which it is used. These elements being taken into consideration, corporations should, as a result of experience and observation, very closely approximate the number of years constituting the life of the property and upon this basis determine the rate of depreciation which annually occurs.

Royalties subject to income tax.-In the case of mines operated by a lessee on a royalty basis it is held that the lessor in disposing of his ores or natural deposits on the basis of royalties has a measure of profit in every ton of ore disposed of in this way, and that so much of the gross receipts on account of royalties as is in excess of depletion, not exceeding 5 per cent of the gross value of the output at the mine, plus any incidental expenses to which the corporation may be subject, is income within the meaning of the Federal income tax law and should be so returned by the lessor.

Salaries paid officers and employees.—In the case of salaries paid to officers and employees of corporations, this office has fixed no definite amounts which may be allowably deducted from gross income. Any amount representing a fair and reasonable compensation for the services rendered by the officers or employees, if actually paid, will constitute an allowable deduction from gross income. The salaries which constitute such allowable deductions should not depend upon the profits of the corporation, but should, as indicated, be a fair measure of compensation for services rendered, and upon this basis should not vary accordingly as the net income or profits of the corporation may vary from year to year.

Shrinkage in value of securities.-Bonds and securities are not subject to wear and tear within the meaning of the Federal income tax law, and therefore depreciation does not apply to any shrinkage in their value. Shrinkage in the value of securities as such does not constitute a loss actually sustained within the year, the amount of which is definitely ascertained. Therefore, under the rules of this office and consistent with the provisions of the law, a shrinkage in the value of bonds or like securities does not constitute an allowable deduction from gross income either as loss or depreciation.

The fact that bonds and similar securities were written off at the direction of the Comptroller of the Currency or the State banking department is not material. A mere book entry does not constitute either a loss or gain for the purpose of the income tax. The fact that bonds were written off does not necessarily imply that they are a total loss, nor is this act a conclusive proof that any loss occurred during the year for which the return is made.

Losses of this character are only ascertainable when the securities mature, are disposed of, or canceled.

Special compensation not deductible.-Special payments made by a corporation as extra compensation to certain of its employees may be deducted from gross income, if it is clearly shown that such payments are made as compensation for services rendered and are paid in pursuance of a contract expressed or implied.

If such so-called "compensation" is a gratuity or voluntary payment, for which no service is rendered, the amounts so paid are not deductible. In cases wherein the payments are made as compensation for services rendered, the employee receiving the same, if he be a "taxable person," will be required to include the amount of such compensation in his personal income tax return.

(T. D. 2153.)

Income from farm products and crop-share rentals to be included in the return of income for the year in which sold or exchanged for money or a money equivalent.

The term "farm" as herein used embraces the farm in the ordinarily accepted sense, plantations, ranches, stock farms, dairy farms, poultry farms, fruit farms, truck farms, and all lands used for similar purposes; and for the purposes of this decision all persons who cultivate, operate, or manage farms for gain or profit, either as owners or tenants, are designated as "farmers."

All gains, profits, and income derived from the sale or exchange of farm products, whether produced on the farm or purchased and resold by a farmer, shall be included in the return of income for the year in which the products were actually marketed and sold; and all allowable deductions, including the legitimate expenses incident to the production of that year or future years, may be claimed in the return of income for the tax year in which the right to such deductions shall arise, although the products to which such expenses and deductions are incidental may not have been sold or exchanged for money, or a money equivalent, during the year for which the return is rendered.

Rents received in crop shares shall likewise be returned as of the year in which the crop shares are reduced to money or a money equivalent, and allowable deductions, likewise, shall be claimed in the return of income for the tax year to

which they apply, although expenses and deductions may be incident to products which remained unsold at the end of the year for which the deductions are claimed. When farm products are held for favorable market prices, no deduction on account of shrinkage in weight or physical value, or losses by reason of such shrinkage or deterioration in storage, shall be allowed.

Cost of stock purchased for resale is an allowable deduction under the item of expense, but money expended for stock for breeding purposes is regarded as capital invested, and amounts so expended do not constitute allowable deductions except as hereinafter stated.

Where stock has been purchased for any purpose, and afterwards dies from disease or injury, or is killed by order of the authorities of a State or the United States, and the cost thereof has not been claimed as an item of expense, the actual purchase price of such stock, less any depreciation which may have been previously claimed, may be deducted as a loss. Property destroyed by order of the authorities of a State or of the United States may, in like manner, be claimed as a loss; but if reimbursement is made by a State or the United States, in whole or in part, on account of stock killed or property destroyed, the amount received shall be reported as income for the year in which reimbursement is made.

The cost of farm machinery is not an allowable deduction as an item of expense, but the cost of ordinary tools may be included under this item.

ment

* *

Under the sixth deduction enumerated in paragraph B, providing for "a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear of property arising out of its use or employ*" there may be claimed a reasonable allowance for depreciation on farm buildings (other than a dwelling occupied by the owner), farm machinery, and other physical property, including stock purchased for breeding purposes; but no claim for depreciation on stock raised or purchased for resale will be allowed.

Farmers who keep books according to some approved method of accounting, which clearly show the net income, may prepare their returns from such books, although the method of accounting may not be strictly in accordance with the provisions of this decision.

A person cultivating or operating a farm for recreation or pleasure, on a basis other than the recognized principles of commercial farming, the result of which is a continual loss from year to year, is not regarded as a farmer. In such cases, if the expenses incurred in connection with the farm are in excess of the receipts therefrom, the entire receipts from sale of products may be ignored in rendering a return of income, and the expenses incurred, being regarded as personal expenses, will not constitute allowable deductions in the return of income derived from other sources.

(T. D. 2161.)

Synopsis of rulings on questions relating to the income tax imposed by section 2 of the act of October 3, 1913.

The following synopsis of rulings on questions relating to the income tax imposed by section 2 of the act of October 3, 1913, on individuals, corporations, joint-stock companies, associations, and insurance companies is published for the information of internal revenue officers and others concerned. All rulings or parts of rulings heretofore made which are in conflict herewith are hereby revoked.

PART II.—Rulings in Relation to Corporation Income Tax.

Amortization of bonds-Amending Article 135, Regulations No. 33.-That part of Article 135 of Regulations No. 33, relative to the amortization of bonds, which ends with the words "become due and payable," has been entirely rescinded and superseded by T. D. 2005 and T. D. 2130. The remaining portion of Article 135, beginning with the words "with