of change for daylight saving time. This, of course, results in the loss of revenue and, as I say, it couldn't be replaced.

A merchant, for example, might lose the customer who arrives at the store after he is closed by reason of the time change, but if it was a radio that the customer was to purchase, the man still has the radio, and conceivably he can sell it the next day. But as far as this seat that was lost, it is gone. The amount of money that could be involved in this is conjectural, but I am sure the committee appreciates from the number of passengers that use these services, that it is considerable.

I would like to also point out that in the case of the short-haul carriers, the convenience to the public in the change of time, that is, within one or two States, I believe is greater than in the normal change in the zones.

We Americans, I know, are all proud of the size of our country, and the strength of it and we can live with the time zones. I feel that probably the minimum discomfort or inconvenience would be when you travel from here to Chicago, a distance of some 700 to 900 miles, with 1 hour time change. I am sure that everyone can accommodate that, both literally and figuratively, but when you start making 80mile flights and cross a State boundary, and have three time changes in that period of time, it is a great inconvenience to the traveling public, and as I have indicated, it poses a problem in a loss of revenue to these carriers.

One other small matter, but it is not small in relation to the fact that these 13 local service carriers today receive public service funds or some might call it subsidy for these operations. Anything that adds to their expense, their legitimate expense of operation, adds to the subsidy bill.

I am advised that, between the 13 carriers, an extra or added printing of timetables both for the agents and for the customers themselves, might well run between $150,000 and $200,000 for each extra printing. That is for the full industry. It is a significant amount, and it would be reduced specifically in the case of attempting to get more of the States that do change to daylight saving time to do so uniformly.

So, Mr. Chairman, with those remarks, I would like to say that the Association of Local Transport Airlines appreciates the opportunity to appear before your committee. We also appreciate the fact that your committee, for the first time in these many years, is giving legislative consideration to this rather vexing problem.

Thank you.

Senator MCGEE. Thank you very much, General.

Are there questions from the committee?

Senator SCOTT. No questions.

Senator HART. No questions.

Senator MCGEE. We appreciate your coming.

The next witness, Mr. James L. Bossemeyer.

STATEMENT OF JAMES L. BOSSEMEYER, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TRAVEL ORGANIZATIONS

Mr. BOSSEMEYER. My name is James L. Bossemeyer. I reside at 3719 Alton Place, NW., Washington, D.C.

For more years than I care to relate, I have been engaged in the travel business and related activities. I am now serving my 14th year as executive director of the National Association of Travel Organizations, 1422 K Street NW., in Washington, D.C. I appear today on behalf of the members of this association, dedicated to the welfare and advancement of the U.S. travel industry.

Our principal concern is promoting more travel in the United States. We not only want more people to travel, we want to make certain that they enjoy it, so they will respect their travel.

Our other principal concern is in attracting more visitors from all parts of the world to the United States and to North America. In this endeavor we join forces with Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean countries.

Our members are the firms and organizations which provide the information, transportation, accomodations, food service, entertainment, and the many services required by travelers.

Hence, we are deeply concerned with the matter of time uniformity in the United States and would like to support the enactment of Š. 1033 which with S. 1195 is under consideration today.

Conservatively estimated, more than 120 million people travel each year in the United States for varying periods of time for business and pleasure and hence come into personal contact with the confusion created by differences in time observance and the vagaries of the boundaries of time zones, which often do not make good sense.

Travelers in automobiles, who comprise 85 percent of the travel in this country, are just as subject to inconveniences, doubts, and uncertainties concerning what time it is as are the 15 percent of the travelers who move via the public carriers. Public carrier travel, although of great concern to us, is being covered by others who are appearing here today.

The automobile travelers must be constantly alert in order to know when to begin their day, when to end it, when it is time to eat, when the points of interest and attractions they want to visit will open and close, and when to set their watches forward or back.

A mistake can be costly in available travel time, or in gaining admittance to an attraction or a point of interest, or in making any preset engagement.

I want to point out that time confusion is a deterring factor to the travel business.

The travel business is one of the great distributors of the wealth produced in the United States, involving more than $30 billion per year. More than 30 States consider the travel business among their top 3 industries, and it is important in all of the rest.

The travel industry is one of the largest employers in the United States. Add together the people involved in running hotels and motels, restaurants, transportation companies, rental car firms, gasoline stations, attractions, sightseeing facilities, travel information centers, and so forth, and this becomes apparent.

In recent years, the visit U.S.-campaign designed to attract visitors from abroad has gained great momentum. This campaign was originated and pioneered by our association. The volume of foreign travel in the United States gained more than 18 percent last year. It has gained more than 25 percent so far this year. Foreign visitors,

singly and in groups, are becoming more and more a part of the American scene.

They come here to see this great country, of which they have heard so much. We need to enhance their opinion of us. We must not disillusion them.

A little research discloses that time regulation is smoothly handled in most parts of the world, particularly in the areas from which we are currently drawing foreign visitors.

We need to modernize the Standard Time Act of 1918.

Enactment of S. 1033 with some of the minor changes suggested here today would do it.

Thank you for the privilege of appearing before the committee. Senator MCGEE. Thank you for your testimony.

Senator ScorT. No questions.

Senator MCGEE. Thank you very much.

Senator MCGEE. The last witness is Mr. A. B. McMullen.

STATEMENT OF A. B. MCMULLEN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE AVIATION OFFICIALS

Mr. MCMULLEN. I have already submitted a very short statement and I would like to make just two observations, if I might.

The National Association of State Aviation Officials is keenly appreciative of the time that the Senators and Congressmen have taken, who have introduced the bills to alleviate this very confused situation which exists because of the lack of time uniformity throughout the United States.

I was very much interested this morning in Senator Cotton's observations with respect to his home State of New Hampshire when he stated that 18 years ago the people of New Hampshire were generally in opposition to a daylight saving time. Then county by county and community by community, they began to adopt it. Later the State legislature adopted legislation providing for daylight saving time on a State basis.

Now they are considering, Mr. Redding reported, legislation which would make permanent throughout the year this daylight saving time. This is the trend which I believe we will come to accept sooner or later and Senator Cotton indicated this morning maybe it will be advisable to take a whole step now rather than piecemeal. That is one of the things that National Association of State Aviation Officials has suggested in a resolution which has been included in the statement I have submitted for the record.

I will summarize by reading two paragraphs which will illustrate the point I am trying to make.

No single system of time will completely satisfy the requirements nor accommodate the convenience of everyone. With this fact in mind, many persons, including myself, are of the opinion that a careful study should be made of the advantages that would result from complete abolition of daylight saving time, and permanently advancing the standard time by one hour uniformly throughout the United States.

This procedure would at least eliminate the confusion and expense associated with changing to and from daylight saving time each year,

while providing all the advantages afforded by daylight saving time. And, if at the same time, a change to the 24-hour clock were adopted universally, the general public would have to be exposed to only one conversion and the resulting educational and familiarization program. We strongly urge that the committee and the Congress give consideration to this recommendation when you are reviewing and acting upon this proposed legislation, Mr. Chairman.

(The statement in full follows:)

STATEMENT OF A. B. MCMULLEN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE AVIATION OFFICIALS

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, as executive director of the National Association of State Aviation Officials, I am submitting this statement as a summary of the views and recommendations of the association regarding S. 1033 and S. 1195, bills to establish a uniform system of time standards and measurement for the United States and to require the observance of such time standards for all purposes.

Forty-two State aeronautics commissions and departments constitute the membership of National Association of State Aviation Officials. Being concerned primarily with aviation and air transportation development in the various States, National Association of State Aviation Officials members have been concerned over a long period of time about the inconvenience, the confusion, and often the additional expense, passengers and shippers are caused by the variation in time zones and standards throughout the United States, particularly with respect to daylight saving time.

Even in local communities the air traveler and shipper are often inconvenienced and confused because there may be two or more geographical areas or political entities within a single airport service area which adopt or operate on different time.

The expansion of rail service over relatively long distances, as the railroads extended their lines farther westward in the United States, first focused attention on the problems associated with time uniformity or lack of uniformity. Today, as the speeds and normal operating range of civil aircraft are increased, the problems caused by the lack of time uniformity are also increased.

In general, National Association of State Aviation Officials supports the adoption of S. 1033 or S. 1195, either of which would partially solve the problems involved by establishing specific areas or time zones, and by designating the specific dates on which all changes to and from daylight saving time would be effected uniformly throughout the United States. However, the proposed legislation leaves several other uniform time problems still with us. These include the 24-hour clock, which is utilized by some governmental agencies, particularly the military, and by some commercial organizations, and the use of "Z" or Greenwich time, which the U.S. Weather Bureau and some American transportation and communications companies engaged in international operations now utilize.

These two methods of designating time have certain advantages and disadvantages, the disadvantages occurring primarily when they are used in connection with or in addition to other forms of time systems, and their increasing use should be studied carefully before new laws and regulations pertaining to time standards are adopted in the United States.

No single system of time will completely satisfy the requirements nor accommodate the convenience of everyone. With this fact in mind, many persons, including myself, are of the opinion that a careful study should be made of the advantages that would result from complete abolition of daylight saving time, and permanently advancing the standard time by 1 hour uniformly throughout the United States.

This procedure would at least eliminate the confusion and expense associated with changing to and from daylight saving time each year, while providing all the advantages afforded by daylight saving time. And, if at the same time, a change to the 24-hour clock were adopted universally, the general public would have to be exposed to only one conversion and the resulting educational and familiarization program.

After having made a careful study of the problems involved, National Association of State Aviation Officials adopted the following resolution 7 months ago during its annual meeting held September 27, 1962:

"Therefore, be it

"Resolved, That where necessary, legislation should be adopted or such State directives or proclamations should be issued by the Governor as may be required to assure that all changes from standard to daylight saving time and from daylight to standard time will be made by all States and local jurisdictions on the same dates each year; and

"That all transfers from standard to daylight time should take place on the last Sunday of April and from daylight to standard time on the last Sunday of October each year; be it further

"Resolved, That the Congress of the United States be petitioned to conduct or authorize such studies and investigations as may be necessary to determine:

"(a) What action, if any, is necessary at the Federal level to assure uniformity in dates for changing from standard to daylight saving time and back to standard time each year;

“(b) The advantages and disadvantages of officially adopting the 24-hour clock in the United States, as many European and South American countries have already done.

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"(c) The advantages and disadvantages of officially adopting "Z" or Greenwich time by U.S. Federal agencies, international transportation companies and others. “(d) The advantages and disadvantages of advancing the standard time by 1 hour in each of the time zones in which the United States is located, and discontinuing daylight saving time entirely.

"(e) Whether existing Federal legislation pertaining to time zones and standards should be amended or repealed."

National Association of State Aviation Officials is highly pleased that your committee is considering legislation which would provide for a review of the very irregular boundary lines which now divide the various time zones in the United States, and the establishment of specific dates for changing to and from daylight saving time, which this association and many other groups have recommended. National Association of State Aviation Officials now respectfully urges that consideration be given also to the other recommendations contained in the above resolution.

The association appreciates this oportunity to present its views and recommendations with respect to the bewildering uncertainty and confusion which is often created in the minds of the traveling and shipping public as a result of the lack of time uniformity. There have probably been as many proverbs and cliches written on time as any other single subject. Perhaps this is because each person has so little in which to accomplish his goals in life. Any action taken by Congress to save time, and to reduce the time problems associated with travel, transportation and communications, should merit the appreciation of every U.S. citizen.

Senator MCGEE. I might observe, Mr. McMullen, that I am wearing a watch that buys your proposal for it has the 12-hour dial on it and the 24-hour dial. I now have it set so that it shows approximately noon here in this building, but it also shows Laramie, Wyo., time on the other dial rather than the Union Station time across the way. I think I should make that accommodation first.

We do thank you for your testimony. It will appear in full.
Are there questions?

Senator SCOTT. No.

Senator MCGEE. The following statements and letters will be made a part of the record at this point:

A letter from David C. Adams, senior executive vice president of the National Broadcasting Co.; a letter from Wainwright Bridges, director, uniform laws program, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators; a letter from Leonard H. Goldenson, president of the American Broadcasting Co., and a letter from John N. Thurman, vice president, Pacific American Steamship Association.