time while the other map reflects the disparity of switchover dates. These maps are in turn accompanied by a tabulated summary of such information prepared on the basis of the latest reports received.

Inasmuch as the State responses to our 1963 survey are being received on a day-to-day basis we will be glad to furnish the committee with additional data received during the period the record of this hearing shall remain open. Now I would like to offer to the committee some typical examples of clock juggling which lead us to believe that it is time for a change in our time changes.

Perhaps you have already heard of the dramatic instance involving bus service over the 35-mile highway distance between Steubenville, Ohio, and Moundsville, W. Va. If the busdriver and passengers maintained correct local time at all stops en route they would be forced to adjust their watches seven different times, an average of once every 5 miles.

In Pennsylvania, State law requires that official business be conducted on eastern standard time. Yet this year more than 600 Pennsylvania communities will be observing daylight saving time during the spring and summer months.

Another example of needless confusion exists just across the Potomac River in Virginia. As a result of 1962 legislative action, on the first Saturday in April the same time was observed in the State capital of Richmond, the metropolitan area comprising Alexandria and the counties of Fairfax and Arlington, and in the city of Bristol on the Virginia-Tennessee border. Today Arlington time moves forward 1 hour. A month later Richmond will catch up with Arlington but will then be 1 hour faster than Bristol. After 3 months Richmond will rejoin Bristol but will then be 1 hour behind Arlington. On October 27 Arlington will lose an hour and rejoin the rest of the State until the cycle begins all over again next spring.

In Alabama, State law speaks of ""standard railroad central time.” In Delaware no State law applies, with daytime saving time being a matter of local option as is the case in a number of other States. Major Delaware communities set the pattern county by county, but this is done only by custom and could change at any time. In Maine daylight saving time prevails, yet the business hours of stores dispensing alcoholic beverages are maintained on eastern standard time, as required by State liquor laws.

In Minnesota, State law requires all public conveyances to conform their timetables to both eastern standard time and eastern daylight time simultaneously-in other words, two expensive sets of timetables for all carriers.

In Idaho, the observance of daylight saving time varies from door to door in northern municipalities as the merchants and tavern operators conduct business hours to attract the Washington State trade. Several of these towns even maintain daylight saving time on a year-round basis.

We also know that in many communities and on college campuses, official clocks are maintained on standard time while business is conducted and college classes operate on daylight saving time.

More dramatic proof of the time scramble is located just a few blocks from the U.S. Capitol Building. On this very day the huge wall clocks in Union Station remain on eastern standard time while

the timepieces maintained throughout the rest of the city, including those of the Interstate Commerce Commission responsible for regulating time boundaries, observe eastern daylight time.

Another example will demonstrate to the committee that time confusion does not confine itself only to the east-west variations across the country. It also affects travelers going north/south between Chicago and Milwaukee and even beyond to and from Minneapolis-St. Paul. More specifically, Chicago will observe central daylight time this year from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. Minneapolis will observe daylight saving time from the first Sunday in May to the Tuesday after Labor Day. Milwaukee will join these communities between the last Sunday in April and the last Sunday in September. Thus, we will have time shifts and schedule changes occurring five times in 6 months. This is confusing to the traveling public. It is also expensive to the common carriers in maintaining correct timetables and schedules.

Finally, I would point out to the committee that its review of the time problem is coming not a moment too soon. Many States have considered or are now considering the establishment of new daylight saving time practices, including its possible authorization on a yearround basis. Thus, the widespread time confusion of today could well be compounded by tomorrow.

While the Committee for Time Uniformity has been successful in both 1962 and 1963 by helping to bring a number of States into uniformity on the switchover dates including California, Nevada, Vermont, Washington, and Oregon-the Congress now has a golden opportunity to help us streamline the hourglass for all American citizens.

The specific objectives of the Committee for Time Uniformity are summarized in the "Project Timesaver" brochure attached to this statement. While we generally support the proposition of greater time uniformity for all citizens, we take no position on whether daylight saving time should or should not be observed by any particular State or community. What we do urge, however, is that such jurisdictions which do observe daylight saving time should, in the interest of uniformity, begin and end daylight saving time on the fourth Sundays of April and October of each year.

We also agreed last year to support the recommendation of many years' standing by the Interstate Commerce Commission that the Congress should reexamine the entire field of standard time to determine whether existing Federal legislation on the subject should be amended or repealed.

The bills pending before this committee, S. 1033 and S. 1195, contain many features which would appear to promote greater time uniformity, including specifically the April-October switchover dates which we specifically endorse for those areas observing daylight saving time. Otherwise, the committee takes no formal position with respect to any of the other specific details in the bills. We do emphatically assert, however, that the examples I have presented, as well as the additional information to be presented by other witnesses in this hearing, constitute compelling proof of the immediate need for corrective action. It is our belief that such action will serve the national and public interest including our national security, and even

contribute to an expanding gross national product. I might interpolate here, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, an experience I had yesterday afternoon. One of my son-in-laws and two daughters and three grandchildren flew up from Jacksonville, Fla., to Washington and they phoned me that they would arrive at 5:15, but they forgot about daylight saving time and they got here at 6:15.

Thank you for the privilege of appearing before your committee to discuss Project Timesaver. Mr. Redding will now offer the TAA statement of position, and we will then both be glad to answer any questions.

(The attachments follow :)

I. EXTENT OF OBSERVANCE IN 1963 OF DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME IN THE UNITED STATES 1

1 These data have been derived from 1962 reports received from the individual States, as adjusted by 1963 reports received as of Apr. 25, 1963.

II. EXTENT OF UNIFORMITY IN DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME SWITCHOVER DATES

A. SWITCH FROM STANDARD TO DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME

Of the 28 States observing daylight saving time on both a statewide and local option basis, all except the following 3 States will go on daylight saving time the last Sunday in April:

B. SWITCH FROM DAYLIGHT SAVING TO STANDARD TIME

1. Statewide observance

Of the 16 States observing daylight saving time on a statewide basis, all except Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, return to standard time on the fourth Sunday in October. West Virginia and Wisconsin use instead the fourth Sunday of September, while Oregon will resume standard time on the fourth Saturday of September.

2. Nonstatewide observance

Of the 12 States observing daylight saving time on a nonstatewide basis, 4 of them (Oklahoma, Minnesota, Montana, and New Mexico) return to standard time in September. All of these States, except Minnesota, observe daylight saving: time in very limited areas.

The remaining eight States (Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) return to standard time on varying dates ranging from August to October, with some Idaho communities even observing daylight saving time on a year-round basis.

3. States observing both the April-October switchover duties

Thirteen of the twenty-eight States observe the switchover dates of the last Sundays in April and October.

EXCERPT FROM REMARKS OF ROBERT E. REDDING, VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF THE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, PRESENTED AT THE 33D ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MOTOR BUS OWNERS, OCTOBER 25, 1962

THE CALL TO ARMS FOR TIME UNIFORMITY

The history of this time problem is quite fascinating, yet known to very few people. Only 80 years ago there was no orderly system of keeping time in this country. All that we had was local time or sun time, as it was called, which was based upon the concept of the sun passing from horizon to horizon. For example, there was a difference of 7 seconds between the Capitol Dome in Washington and the Lincoln Memorial; and a difference in time of 30 seconds from one end of the San Francisco-Oakland Bridge to the other.

As the railroads in the 19th century continued to grow and develop, they were faced with this problem. So they simply established their own individual time systems. This time network became so complex and difficult, however, that in the city of Pittsburgh, for example, there were six different time standards governing the arrival and departure of trains. Pity the confused passengers and the shippers, as well as the employees of these companies. So, for many years in the latter half of that century, the railroads wrestled to find a solution.

Finally, in November of 1883, a system of four standardized time zones was established in the United States by the railroad industry. This was quickly and gratefully accepted by the American people and observed by the Federal Government, States, cities, and towns throughout the Nation. It is little short of amazing that for 35 years thereafter this system operated without any Federal legislation on the subject.

It was only in the closing months of World War I that the Congress finally enacted the Standard Time Act. This statute placed the official stamp of approval, ladies and gentlemen, on the four time zone systems in use the eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific zones. The new law also empowered and directed the Interstate Commerce Commission to define the boundaries of these zones and to resolve all boundary disputes thereafter.

The Standard Time Act also gave official sanction to another time-measuring device which had since plagued us for many years-daylight saving time. It was then approved as a wartime method of conserving fuel and increasing our national efficiency. This notion was originally conceived, we understand, by Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century when he served as U.S. Ambassador to France. It was reported that he awakened early one morning in Paris and noticed the sun shining brightly outside. He asked himself: "Why we are not taking advantage of all of this daylight?" He even made an analysis of the number of candles that could be saved by the people of Paris, if they changed their time habits. The Parisians ignored Franklin, however, and so nothing was done about it. Daylight

:saving time was also unpopular with the American people in 1918; it was only a year later that the Congress repealed the legislation establishing daylight saving time, overriding the veto of President Wilson. So it was that our bouncing baby was given a premature death as a Federal matter.

This so-called hydraheaded monster continued to grow, however, at State and local levels during the 1920's and 1930's into a complex hodgepodge of time schedules. It later took World War II to breathe new life at the Federal level into daylight saving time. It was in February of 1942 that the Congress, by law, advanced the whole country 1 hour without disturbing the four time zones. This time the baby managed to survive for almost 4 years, until after the cessation of hostilities. Since then State and local governments alike have gone off in all directions in their use of daylight saving time during the summer months.

What is the current condition of this national calamity called clock juggling? We are only 3 days away, ladies and gentlemen, from a critical date, the last Sunday in October. It is on that date that more than a dozen States and the District of Columbia resume standard time.

We have made an analysis of the daylight saving time problem among the various States. Of the 28 States observing daylight saving, half of them are on a statewide basis and half of them are not. Today we find that only 11 of the 28 States are uniform as to on-and-off dates-the last Sunday of April and the last Sunday of October. The remainder are scattered all over the lot. Of the 28 States which observe daylight saving time on either the statewide or local option basis, all except three-Minnesota, Montana, and Virginia-go on daylight saving time the last Sunday in April. Thus the only uniformity problem here is to bring these States into conformity with the other States.

Switching from daylight saving time back to standard time, however, presents a more serious problem. Of those States which are observing daylight saving time on a statewide basis, all except Wisconsin and Washington return to standard time the last Sunday of October. These two States now return to standard time on the last Sunday of September. The real difficulty, however, centers in the nine States which do not observe so-called fast time on a statewide basis. We find that these States-Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia-return to standard time on varying dates, ranging from August to October. There are even some communities in Idaho where I'm told the merchants up and down the streets decide whether and when they will observe daylight saving time.

What are some of the other extreme examples of this tail wagging the dog? We learned, for example, that there is a 35-mile stretch of highway crossing the Ohio-West Virginia border over which a bus passes through seven time changes. The railroads print standard and local time timetables for the traveling and shipping public, with such duplication estimated to cost this industry more than a million dollars a year. Perhaps you have heard of "his" and "her" clocks. The first is for the railroad employee to work by and the second is for his family to live by. Also, in Pennsylvania, where official business is required by State law to be transacted on a standard time basis, there are more than 600 communities which nonetheless observe varying daylight saving time patterns. This list could be expanded many times.

You might perhaps ask: Are we any different than any other country in the world? The top scientific expert on time at the U.S. Naval Observatory, a man capable of adjusting time to the millionth of a second, recently asserted that, "the United States is the worst timekeeper in the world." All other countries have found solutions to this problem, including the Soviet Union.

And, so, what is the result of this problem for us? It has created a snarl of confusion in transportation, communications, the financial world, and the general business. In these days of serious challenge, we simply cannot afford to waste another minute, dollar, or ounce of energy. This growing giant of time and clock confusion must be stopped from draining off considerable amounts of all of these, now lost forever.

How has this problem affected the bus industry? I am not completely clear on the extent of its impact at this moment. The Washington staff of National Association of Motor Bus Owners has estimated, however, that there is a potential savings of a quarter of a million dollars each year of scheduling and timetable costs which could be achieved from greater time uniformity. One of our major bus systems has also advised that it could save up to 40 percent of the time now required for this work if substantial time uniformity could be established.

Realizing the need for solution to this problem, your industry should be commended for seeking corrective action. Mr. F. W. Ackerman, chairman of the