Mr. MILLER. Admiral, is it not true there is not only that trouble but the recognized engineering and scientific societies, which have very high standards and are the best judge of the qualifications of these things, their list of membership in the event of an emergency would be available, would it not? Admiral HORNE. Undoubtedly. Mr. MILLER. The American Society of Civil Engineers, for example? Admiral HORNE. Undoubtedly. Mr. MILLER. The biological groups and right on down the line, so we know where they are. Unfortunately most of these good men are placed, and it is the good men that you want. The CHAIRMAN. Any further questions? Mr. Daddario. Mr. DADDARIO. Admiral, one of your aims in motivating the youngsters is to get them jobs in some of the industries of this type in your area, but you run into difficulty there because of age as I understand it. Admiral HORNE. I am not sure that I understand. Mr. DADDARIO. You said you wanted to motivate these youngsters and in many instances you thought it would be a good idea if they could get jobs that would keep their interest going in industries in your area, but because of age, because some of them were too young, they could not get the job. Admiral HORNE. That is true, sir. In general, one does not or cannot under our present regulations employ youngsters who are under 18. This may be a very good thing as far as regular employment is concerned, but as far as summer employment is concerned, I think that youngsters of 16 and 17 want serious summer employment. They can be used seriously as budding scientists, engineers, technicians, or whatever, and I think really that it would do some of these 16- and 17-year-olds a lot more good to take responsible useful positions than it would to be spending most of their time mowing grass, for example. Mr. DADDARIO. Well, you run into difficulty there because-and I agree with this—you are trying to get them motivated at the youngest age possible and therefore this runs into conflict with your theory. Has there been given any thought to the idea of having industry generally and some of the schools in that area get together for summer programs where children who do have a scientific bent, where they do have a desire as shown in their school programs, could be given a 6- or 7-week course under a combination effort of the school and the industrial community? Admiral HORNE. Yes, sir, this is being done in some cases locally with assistance from industry by furnishing instructors and equipment and under the auspices of a specific school as a summer school program. Mr. DADDARIO. And do you get a good response to that program? Admiral HORNE. Yes, sir; the summer school programs have received much greater response in the past few years than I am aware they had before that. The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Chenoweth. Mr. CHENOWETH. I would like to ask the admiral what he considers the prospects are for a young man who has talent and ability in mathematics and sciences, what are his prospects of attending a Mr. CHENOWETH. Do you think there is a general lack of morale all through our schools? Admiral HORNE. I am afraid I do, sir. Mr. CHENOWETH. And that contributes to this shortage of mathematicians and scientists? Admiral HORNE. It most seriously does. We have a serious morale problem with our teachers, not only for the financial reason but largely for the prestige reason I have tried to explain. Mr. CHENOWETH. Thank you very much. The CHAIRMAN. Any further questions? Mr. Miller. Mr. MILLER. Admiral, is it not true that in Europe, the teacher even in elementary schools, in small villages, occupies a position comparable to the minister or the curate in that village, a position of prestige and respect that we do not give them in this country? Admiral HORNE. Mr. Congressman, that is a most excellent observation in which I would heartily concur. I would emphasize that we find in the European countries that the teachers are given the prestige which they used to be given in this country but are no longer given. I would further say to you, sir, that in the U.S.S.R. they are presently using the capitalistic incentive system against us because they are giving to their teachers in the U.S.S.R. the most and strongest kind of prestige and reward. Mr. MILLER. I should like to make this observation and I think you will agree with it and understand it. My brother-in-law is a professor of biological chemistry at a great Midwestern university. He is also on a Federal board in his particular science, biochemistry; he was a delegate last year to a conference in Sweden. He traveled under the auspices of the State Department. As a representative of the Government he found that he got certain acceptance, but the moment that he used his title "Professor" in the small towns and the hotels, he got the best. A professor they were proud to have there, whereas just a representative of the Government attending a conference was a secondary consideration; is that not correct? Admiral HORNE. Yes. Mr. MILLER. It is understandable. Admiral HORNE. It is indeed, sir. The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Admiral. We appreciate your very fine statement and appreciate your voluntarily coming here on behalf of the committee. Admiral HORNE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It has been a pleasure and a privilege to be with you this morning. (Whereupon, at 10:54 a.m., the committee proceeded to other matters.) APPENDIXES APPENDIX I SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS ARISING FROM NSF-SUPPORTED RESEARCH One of the most effective measures for appraising the significance of results arising from research projects carried on with NSF support is the extent to which scientists' reports of the supported research is accepted for publication by scientific journals and periodicals. Universally, research scientists, upon completion of a discrete segment of their research, endeavor to have the research results published. It is through this medium that scientific accomplishments become known and the career and prestige of the scientist advanced. However, space in U.S. scientific journals is at a premium, and it is estimated that only one-fourth of research papers submitted for publication are actually published. While this situation is unfortunate from the standpoint of a fuller dissemination of scientific information, it does provide an effective measure of the significance of research results. With space at such a premium, journals will not publish an article unless the review board of the journal is convinced that it contains not only new, but significant, scientific facts. The Foundation maintains a continuing review of the extent to which results of supported projects find their way into published form. Each grantee is requested to supply to the Foundation copies of reprints pertaining to the supported project. A central file of these reprints is maintained, and a compendium of titles of articles published dealing with research results of NSF grants has just been compiled and will be available shortly. Suffice it to say here that through June 30, 1956, well over 1,000 papers dealing with results of Foundation supported research were published in the various scientific journals. The authors were attached to 130 institutions in 43 States. In addition to articles published in journals, a considerable number of books, catalogs, bulletins, and other documents were published as a result of Foundation-supported research. The foregoing are general indicators of the quality of research being carried on with at least partial financial support from the National Science Foundation. Of more immediate interest to the reader, however, might be a summary of a number of completed projects with an indication of the contribution the project has made to the advancement of science and technology in the United States. In order to keep this document to a manageable size, only a few such summaries are included here. While these have been selected as appearing to be among the more significant, distributed across the different fields of science, it would be highly erroneous to conclude that the examples given here will in the long run prove to be the "cream of the crop." It would appear that some of those listed here may lead to relatively early practical application. On the other hand, it is highly probable that others not shown may eventually prove to be the key links in the long chain stretching from basic research to technological application. STIMULATION AND INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION (Dr. F. M. Strong, University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Werner Braun, Rutgers: University, investigators) As a result of NSF-supported investigations on the chemical substances related to nutrition and metabolism in living organisms, Dr. Strong and his colleagues. have isolated in pure crystalline form a new compound named "kinetin" which has the property of stimulating cell division. • The examples set forth below include several which have been incorporated into material prepared for submission to the 1st sess. of the 85th Cong. in connection with appropriation requests. They are repeated here along with many additional examples in he interests of an integrated presentation of the Foundation's appraisal program. APPENDIXES APPENDIX I SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS ARISING FROM NSF-SUPPORTED RESEARCH One of the most effective measures for appraising the significance of results arising from research projects carried on with NSF support is the extent to which scientists' reports of the supported research is accepted for publication by scientific journals and periodicals. Universally, research scientists, upon completion of a discrete segment of their research, endeavor to have the research results published. It is through this medium that scientific accomplishments become known and the career and prestige of the scientist advanced. However, space in U.S. scientific journals is at a premium, and it is estimated that only one-fourth of research papers submitted for publication are actually published. While this situation is unfortunate from the standpoint of a fuller dissemination of scientific information, it does provide an effective measure of the significance of research results. With space at such a premium, journals will not publish an article unless the review board of the journal is convinced that it contains not only new, but significant, scientific facts. The Foundation maintains a continuing review of the extent to which results of supported projects find their way into published form. Each grantee is requested to supply to the Foundation copies of reprints pertaining to the supported project. A central file of these reprints is maintained, and a compendium of titles of articles published dealing with research results of NSF grants has just been compiled and will be available shortly. Suffice it to say here that through June 30, 1956, well over 1,000 papers dealing with results of Foundation supported research were published in the various scientific journals. The authors were attached to 130 institutions in 43 States. In addition to articles published in journals, a considerable number of books, catalogs, bulletins, and other documents were published as a result of Foundation-supported research. The foregoing are general indicators of the quality of research being carried on with at least partial financial support from the National Science Foundation. Of more immediate interest to the reader, however, might be a summary of a uumber of completed projects with an indication of the contribution the project has made to the advancement of science and technology in the United States. In order to keep this document to a manageable size, only a few such sumnaries are included here. While these have been selected as appearing to be among the more significant, distributed across the different fields of science, it would be highly erroneous to conclude that the examples given here will in the ong run prove to be the "cream of the crop." It would appear that some of hose listed here may lead to relatively early practical application. On the other and, it is highly probable that others not shown may eventually prove to be the key links in the long chain stretching from basic research to technological pplication. 6 STIMULATION AND INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION (Dr. F. M. Strong, University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Werner Braun, Rutgers: University, investigators) As a result of NSF-supported investigations on the chemical substances related o nutrition and metabolism in living organisms, Dr. Strong and his colleagues ave isolated in pure crystalline form a new compound named "kinetin" which as the property of stimulating cell division. The examples set forth below include several which have been incorporated into maerial prepared for submission to the 1st sess. of the 85th Cong. in connection with ppropriation requests. They are repeated here along with many additional examples in he interests of an integrated presentation of the Foundation's appraisal program. 639 |