and it is there where we need to emphasize the scientific aspects, the mathematics, and all the rest of it, so they will be qualified.

The CHAIRMAN. General, we are planning special hearings on that subject later on. We have already talked with the staff about that. Are there any further questions?

If not, let's get on with the witnesses, General.

We will call General Anderson, commander of the Air Research and Development Command.

You will be here with us for the rest of the hearing?

General WHITE. I will be here this morning, but I had not planned on being here this afternoon.

The CHAIRMAN. General Anderson, you are commander of the Air Research and Development Command. Where is your headquarters? STATEMENT OF LT. GEN. SAMUEL E. ANDERSON, COMMANDER, AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND, U.S. AIR FORCE General ANDERSON. My headquarters is divided. A very large proportion of it is at Andrews Air Force Base, outside Washington. There is where I am located.

I also have a division of the headquarters at Dayton, Ohio. That division manages the weapons and missiles programs with the exception of ballistic missiles.

General Schriever's Ballistic Missiles Division, located at Englewood, Calif., is also a part of my headquarters. Its job is to manage the ballistic missile program.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you have a prepared statement, General?
General ANDERSON. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you have copies of it available for the members of the committee?

General ANDERSON. No, sir; I do not.

The CHAIRMAN. Then will you proceed with your statement and we will listen intently.

General ANDERSON. My purpose, sir, is to explain the organization of ARDC and its capabilities.

The mission of ARDC is to maintain the qualitative superiority of Air Force weapons. It follows that ARDC is therefore a scientific and technical organization and it has experience and facilities able to support-and I emphasize "support"-the space programs of our Nation, both military and civil.

This command comprises about 10,000 military and civilian scientists and engineers, and they are backed up by about 35,000 technical aids and support personnel.

This command has 1,900 contracts for basic and applied research in effect, and these are scattered throughout 249 universities or other nonprofit organizations in the United States.

We also have over 3,600 research and development contracts scattered throughout 1,100 industrial concerns.

I just explained the location of the headquarters, so I will skip that portion of the prepared statement.

We also have 10 major installations to carry out our program of research, development, test, and evaluation.

One of these agencies is called the Office of Scientific Research, and is located here in Washington. It directs our entire program of basic research.

Then we have the Air Force Cambridge Research Center near Boston, Mass. It carries on research in the area of geophysics and electronics.

We have the Wright Air Development Center at Dayton, Ohio, that carries out work in many technical fields. These include materials, structures, airborne electronics, rocket propulsion, electrical propulsion, aeromedicine, and other fields essential to support flight both in and out of the earth's atmosphere.

The Rome Air Development Center, located near Rome, N.Y., is engaged in the development of large ground electronic equipment for communications and for the control of flying vehicles.

The Arnold Engineering Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., provides a complex of wind tunnels essential to the study of propulsion and flight problems associated with both aerodynamic flight within the earth's atmosphere and propulsion and reentry problems associated with ballistic missile developments.

The Air Force Flight Test Center in California is the focal point of our aircraft flight test activities. It is located at Muroc Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert. The lake is about 5 miles long and about 13 miles wide, and it is firm enough to sustain the heaviest loads. It has been invaluable in the safe recovery of some of our aircraft and some of our test vehicles.

At this center we also have large rocket engine test facilities. One of the static test stands there, for instance, is capable of sustaining thrusts up to a million and a half pounds.

We have a Special Weapons Center at Albuquerque, N. Mex., in conjunction with the AEC facilities there in San Diego, and the purpose of this center is to marry all nuclear weapons to Air Force aircraft and guided missiles and to determine the most effective technique for their delivery on targets.

We have a proving ground center near Pensacola, Fla. This provides a well-instrumented range for the suitability testing of missiles and aircraft which are about ready to enter operational use.

We also have a Missile Development Center at Alamagordo, N. Mex., and it forms with the Army White Sands Proving Ground, just to the south of it, a missile test range which is about 100 miles long and about 40 miles wide.

This center tests comparatively short range missiles. Located there is also a 7-mile-long rocket sled track which is a facility for testing under high stress conditions many of the components of ballistic missles, in particular nose cones and guidance systems.

The Missile Test Center located at Patrick Air Force Base, Fla., is perhaps the best known of any of the centers of ARDC.

As you know, from Cape Canaveral, which is the missile launch site, the test range extends 5,500 nautical miles across the South Atlantic.

This center is supporting the test programs of the Army, Navy, ARPA, and NASA, as well as those of the Air Force.

ARDC is therefore an integrated operational organization for research, development, test, and evaluation; and we do undertake projects in support of the other Government organizations.

As ARPA and NASA have come into being, we have made these resources we have had available to them, and we have cooperated with them. In fact, I have directed unqualified support of these agencies, and in order to illustrate how ARDC works with ARPA and with NASA, I just wanted to mention one example of an order being performed for ARPA. This is for a high-energy, upper-stage vehicle. For over 2 years prior to the formation of ARPA, ARDC, through a special projects office, have been developing a new type engine, aimed at an advanced weapons system. The techniques and some of the hardware were completed last year. When ARPA came into being, we briefed them on this program, and based upon the work we had already done, ARPA directed us to go ahead with the development of a high-energy, upper-stage vehicle, capable of putting greater weights in higher orbits. This work is being performed with very little change in our organization.

As of the first of this month, February 1, we have received a total of 25 ARPA orders. Some of these orders have several tasks under the one general order heading. The total value of these orders is $218,513,707. The Air Force has transferred to ARPA, at its inception, about $41,670,000. We are now performing six orders for NASA, with a present value of $25,501,000. The Air Force transferred to NASA $57,800,000.

I hope this discussion will bring out that the Air Force thinking and planning for military space developments has existed for several

years.

The Air Force ballistic missile program, which got its present impetus in the summer of 1954, is the springboard from which our present capability derived.

The Air Force Research and Development Command is responsible for developing and testing the Atlas, the Titan, the Minuteman, and the Thor ballistic missiles. Their program is managed by the Ballistic Missile Division, but I would like to emphasize that located with the Ballistic Missile Division are major elements from two other Air Force commands. One is the Air Materiel Command's representatives there. These people, although located physically at Englewood, report directly to the commander of the Air Materiel Command, and they have the authority to speak for him on all ballistic missile matters.

Further, they do all of the contracting for ballistic missile development, testing, and procuring.

Similarly, the operating command, that is SAC, the command that will operate these missiles, is represented at Englewood by a special assistant for ballistic missile matters, and his purpose there is to insure that our development actions result in missiles which meet strategic planning requirements.

That is the end of my statement, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, General.

I want to ask you a few questions.

We are happy to have you here.

Certainly, it is the first time you have been before this committee, which just began its hearings yesterday.

We have a lot to ask you, and we probably won't be able to do it today, because you cover such a wide field, with 3,600 contracts there

and 249 universities which are doing work for your command, 10 major installations you referred to, and then some incidental installations. You have a wide range of activity, and undoubtedly much to attend to. I want to ask you, though, generally along this line; Do you consider a ballistic missile a space weapon?

General ANDERSON. Oh, yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. So if there was any question, you wouldn't need the word "aerospace," you could simply say "space weapon"?

General ANDERSON. That is a new word to me, too, Mr. Chairman. The CHAIRMAN. Your command is taking the lead in developing the ballistic missile, and it was testified in the Senate hearings that by July 1959, at Vandenburg in California, we will have a wing—or is it a squadron of ICBM's in operation?

Now, it is not my purpose to find out when you are going to have them in operation, but it is the purpose of this committee to find out what some of the qualities of the operation of those missiles are.

If I ask you something you don't care to answer in open sesison, just pass it by, and we can take it up later. Are the qualities of those missiles such that we can reach from here to Moscow with them?

General ANDERSON. Mr. Chairman, I would like to make two observations. The first is that General Schriever is here and is going to testify, and he is better qualified to answer the missile question than I; and the second is I don't think we should answer that question in open session, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. All right, we will pass it by and take it up in executive session with General Schriever.

May I ask you this: What progress is being made with the Atlas and Titan missiles?

If you can give an answer to that in open session

General ANDERSON. The progress has been on schedule with the Atlas. I can say that. It is on schedule now.

With the Titan, we have had a little growing pains since they put the first missile on the stand. It is certainly to be expected, I think, in any new weapon as complicated as this. We do hope and expect to fire one before too long.

The CHAIRMAN. Before too long?

General ANDERSON. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. That is the Atlas, sir.

What about the Titan?

General ANDERSON. It is the Titan I referred to.

The CHAIRMAN. Not the Atlas?

General ANDERSON. No; the Atlas is on schedule and doing very well.

The CHAIRMAN. What about the Snark? We have abandoned the Snark, haven't we?

General ANDERSON. No, sir; not entirely. We have procured or are procuring, rather, one Snark unit to be located in Maine, but we have abandoned plans, as far as I know, to procure any so-called advanced Snark weapons.

The CHAIRMAN. So there would be no further development of the Snark weapon?

General ANDERSON. We are not working on any at this time in ARDC.

The CHAIRMAN. What about the Regulus?

General ANDERSON. That is a Navy weapon. So I read in the papers-I can't testify to the fact that it has been canceled.

The CHAIRMAN. You can't testify for the Navy on that?
General ANDERSON. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. McCormack says is that an aerospace weapon?
General ANDERSON. I think so.

The CHAIRMAN. Let me ask you, then, Can you tell us in open session anything about the qualities of the Titan that would be used at least in one base, in Maine, I think you said?

General ANDERSON. The Titan?

The CHAIRMAN. Yes.

General ANDERSON. No; it was the Snark which I referred to as being based up North.

I would prefer, Mr. Chairman, to talk about the capabilities and qualities of these weapons in closed session, if I may.

The CHAIRMAN. All right. I think you are correct. But can ask you this question, then? We are proceeding on the assumption that if Russia feels that she is able to destroy this country, she will proceed to do so, and therefore we want adequate protection. Can you tell us anything about the operational features of the Russian intercontinental ballistic missile?

General ANDERSON. I actually have no knowledge on that, sir, di

rect.

The size of the satellites that they have put into orbit which we know about would indicate to me that they have higher thrust engines than we have.

Beyond that, I simply don't know what the characteristics of their weapons are.

The CHAIRMAN. If they had the higher thrust engines, you would naturally assume they had the higher thrust?

General ANDERSON. Yes.

The CHAIRMAN. Would that mean additional range, too?

General ANDERSON. It could mean additional range, not necessarily, but it could mean that, of course.

The CHAIRMAN. Now, is their range as long as our range, 5,500 miles?

General ANDERSON. I really don't know. They manage to keep things pretty well hidden, Mr. Chairman, whereas ours are out in the open.

The CHAIRMAN. Let me ask you this question, then: Are you satisfied with the progress you are making on the missile program, in the Department of the Air Force?

General ANDERSON. Mr. Chairman, that tempts me. I am never satisfied with the progress. I think we are doing well, but we do have troubles, and I certainly keep after them, so I have to answer I am not satisfied; but I think we are doing well.

The CHAIRMAN. I recognize Mr. Fulton.

Mr. FULTON. General, we are glad to have you here. I would like to have you put in the record at this point a comment on the use of the TIR, the Technical Information Reports, distributing technical information among the various services, and then I would like to yield to Mr. Chenoweth, of Colorado, for a question.