an urgent requirement to move from the area of controlled orbits to the area in which space vehicles maneuver in and out of orbit and develop space flight performance similar to that currently enjoyed by manned aircraft in the atmosphere. During the coming year ARPA will sponsor work leading to advanced maneuverable vehicles, and it would appear that we shall be able to achieve many of our preliminary objectives in this field within the next 5 to 10 years.

While the NASA and ARPA program planning is logically aimed at the development of breakthrough technology necessary to stationing of such manned vehicles in space as may be required, we are proceeding rapidly with shorter term defense applications derived from our new-found capabilities for orbiting objects in space. ARPA has initiated programs in the fields of communications satellites, navigation satellites, cloud cover satellites, and early-warning satellites. In addition, it has assumed management control over the Sentry project, formerly known as WS-117Ľ.

The research and development program for a communications satellite system is of 5 to 6 years' duration. This program was initiated by Project Score on December 18, 1958, when an Atlas launch vehicle placed a relatively simple delayed-repeater system into satellite orbit. ARPA orders have been issued for development of a highly sophisticated version of this system. Test of the new system will begin with satellite launches in a year or so. The satellites will be launched by IRBM-type boosters into 300 to 500-mile orbits. The system itself will have a communications capacity equivalent to 20 continuously available 100-words-per-minute teletype channels.

The Courier delayed-repeater phase of the communications satellite program will lead to relief of intercontinental electrical communications systems by handling vast amounts of routine traffic, thus freeing surface communications for top priority messages.

The later phase of the communications satellite program is the orbit repeater system. This phase will provide satellites capable of receiving and retransmitting messages on an instantaneous basis from 3,000 to 22,300-mile orbits. An ICBM-type booster will be employed to develop a capability to launch the instantaneous repeater payload into a stabilized 24-hour orbit at a 22,300-mile altitude. At this altitude, the satellite will complete 1 revolution around the earth every 24 hours, hence its characteristic of maintaining position over a given point on the globe when launched equatorially.

The instantaneous repeater will involve communications equipment of greater sophistication and capacity than that to be used in the courier delayed-repeater system. Most importantly, the instantaneous repeater system will provide intercontinental point-to-point communications, ground-to-air and ship-to-shore communications, and broadcast-type communications to ground and mobile units on an instantaneous basis. Optimum performace in receiving and retransmitting messages will be obtained by using 3 or 4 satellites equally spaced around the equator at 22,300 miles. The rapidity, reliability, and security of the point-to-point communications resulting from this satellite system represent breakthrough technology in terms of present military communications capabilities.

Our defense interests also dictate that we develop navigational systems employing satellites. Because vast areas of the world and its

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oceans are inadequately plotted, a more accurate, all-weather, spacebased navigational system will be an essential component of worldwide military movements and operations of many types. In using satellites for navigation, we are really taking advantage of the satellite's similarity to the stars, which, as you know, have for a long time been important to navigational systems. The important navigational difference, however, is that a satellite can be fitted out with a radio source which can be heard and detected by any ship, airplane, or other object on the surface of the earth, at any time of day or night, and in good or bad weather. This will be of particular value to guidance of aircraft, surface ships, submarines, and space craft. Under our present program, we will begin satellite tests in mid-1959 and would hope to have initial systems in operation within the next few years.

Another of our space activities is the tactical cloud cover program. It is planned that this program will provide an answer to the present difficulties resulting from the lack of immediate weather information in inaccessible areas. Reliable weather information, especially cloud and surface wind conditions, is urgently needed. The satellite, by virtue of its ability to transmit rapidly over a large portion of the earth's surface, provides a potential answer to present difficulties resulting from lack of weather information. Under the program now underway in ARPA, the first launching will be attempted in mid-1959. Naturally, such satellites have important implications to scientific as well as defense interests, and this program will be transferred to NASA on July 1, 1959.

With the decrease in warning time brought about by the intercontinental ballistic missile, the Advanced Research Projects Agency is directing Project Midas, a program to develop an early warning system based on use of satellites.

ARPA became responsible for the Sentry program in June of 1958. In order to provide timely military information vital to defense planning, an orbiting satellite system has important ramifications.

It should be evident that we are rapidly approaching a time when the space population will consist of many radiating as well as nonradiating satellites in orbit. This Nation must have the capability to track all types of satellites and space vehicles. Furthermore, the long-range space program depends upon an adequate tracking and data acquisition network. Without an adequate tracking environment, the orbiting of experimental military satellite systems is, for all practical purposes, meaningless.

It is realized that such a system could become very expensive, and therefore careful coordination of the requirements of all potential users of such a network is required. During the past year, ARPA, with the assistance of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and since its foundation, NASA, has studied needs for worldwide space surveillance systems with a view to providing an overall program without unnecessary duplication. This work has recently culminated in a signed agreement between NASA and the Department of Defense for a general-purpose national system.

In essence, the agreement provides for four additional tracking and data acquisition stations for deep space probes and broad-band data readout to be located at separate oversea installations; two of these stations will be operated by NASA at the outset, and two by

Defense. Exchange of common data is provided in the agreement. The agreement also provides facilities for man-in-space and Minitrack stations which NASA will operate but will furnish data to Defense.. The need is recognized for two closely cooperative data reception and analyses centers; one operated, largely to meet scientific requirements, by NASA as a continuation and expansion of the Vanguard Center, and one operated, as a prototype to coordinate national defense surveillance requirements, by the Department of Defense. The latter is under Spacetrack management at the Cambridge Research Center. The two centers will exchange data freely and pro vide mutual support for the national program.

In addition, work on a satellite detection "fence" is being continued by the DOD. The purpose of this fence is to produce a capability for detecting, identifying, and predicting the orbits of all space vehicles passing over the United States. Construction is essentially complete on this experimental system, which involves both Minitrack and Doploc stations, extending generally across the southern part of the United States.

To provide backup for its many programs of vehicle, payload, and tracking development, ARPA is pursuing numerous programs for basic and exploratory military research involving auxiliary power systems, solid-propellant technology, and other space-related fields. I hope that this rundown of our ARPA space activities and planning testifies to the fact that there are no limits imposed on our military space program by lack of desire or imagination or management control. In closing, I should like to note that our defense space activities, necessarily oriented as they are to national security objectives, are a part of an overall national program in which the work of an overall national program in which the work of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in its area of responsibility, is correlated with that of ARPA, and in which both are interdependent and mutually supporting. I should like to assure you that the program and plans I have outlined here today are consistent with the work to be done at NASA and that the two agencies are working very closely to insure that the requirements of both are adequately supported in the overall national space program as developed under the President and the Space Council.

Thank you.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Mr. Johnson.

That is really an amazing statement.

Now, the next witness we have is Mr. W. M. Holaday, Director of Guided Missiles, and Chairman, Civilian-Military Liaison Committee. Now, Mr. Holaday, if you wish to proceed with your statement, we can question you following completion of the prepared statement.

STATEMENT OF WILLIAM M. HOLADAY, DIRECTOR OF GUIDED MISSILES, OFFICE OF SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, AND CHAIRMAN, CIVILIAN-MILITARY LIAISON COMMITTEE, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Mr. HOLADAY. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I appreciate this opportunity to appear before you and to discuss the role which I have with respect both to the Department of Defense and to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Dr. York has outlined to you my position as a special assistant to the Secretary of Defense in the guided missile field in which I will assist in providing an orderly transfer from the research and engineering phase into the production and procurement phases, and will monitor the production and procurement phases.

I would like to discuss briefly my position as Chairman of the Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, the activities of the Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, and finally, because I believe it will be of special interest to you, to touch on some of the highlights of the ballistic missiles program.

As Chairman of the Civilian-Military Liaison Committee I am responsible for assuring complete exchange of information and program coordination in the national space program as carried out by the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. To meet this objective I have directed my efforts toward making the Committee a functioning organization under which the key personnel of NASA and DOD are becoming familiar with the programs and program objectives of the two agencies.

While the Civilian-Military Liaison Committee is still in the very early stages of its operation, I am able to say that we have had four meetings to date and that we meet on a regularly scheduled basis on the second Tuesday of each month.

As a part of its operation, the Committee has initiated work which has resulted in a combined DOD-NASA study of the problems of tracking satellites. Prior to CMLC action, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration had its own tracking organization as well as certain plans for extending it, and the Department of Defense likewise had plans for certain tracking organizations. The results of the study, which is not quite complete, are such that an integrated plan for achievement of this capability from a national standopint is underway at the present time.

We expect that the CMLC mechanism will smooth considerably as the overall program becomes better established. The Committee will then be able to devote its efforts toward the achievement of a closely integrated program, making maximum use of the capabilities of both agencies.

With respect to the missiles, I plan to confine my remarks to the ballistic missiles program. In this area we are making extremely good progress, and as you know, have essentially completed our development programs for the Thor and Jupiter. The Thor has been deployed to the United Kingdom and we expect to deploy the Jupiter in the very near future. The achievement of the development objectives of these two programs is a real demonstration of the capabilities of our scientists and engineers in that they were able to start essentially from scratch and in a very short period of time solve the necessary problems and have available for deployment modern weapon systems.

In addition to the Thor, Jupiter, and Atlas programs we have, as you know, the submarine-launched Polaris intermediate-range missile and the Titan and Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missiles. We feel that all three of these missiles are proceeding in a satisfactory manner. Both the Polaris and Titan are now in the flight test stage and, while we expect some difficulties, we can say that we have not encountered any major problem areas in either of these two systems

which would give us cause for concern as to their becoming effective weapon systems.

The final missile I wish to discuss is the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile. I believe it is particularly important to place the Minuteman in the proper perspective at this time with regard to the other missiles because it does appear to be so attractive.

The Minuteman characteristics are specifically planned to be a second-generation intercontinental ballistic missile, taking into account all possible advances of the state of the technical art. Because it is being designed to have certain highly desirable characteristics, the Air Force has recommended and we are supporting a continuing high priority, orderly development.

While it is a second-generation ICBM, it should not be considered a replacement for the Atlas-Titan missiles. It will succeed in removing many of the limitations associated with these missiles, but it also does not have some of their capabilities which are needed from the military viewpoint. The program on which we are now proceeding under the highest Department of Defense priority is consistent with our aims to produce a Minuteman operational weapon system having the desired characteristics and at the earliest practicable date. Coming in a later time frame, Minuteman will combine with the Atlas-Titan-Polaris systems, giving us added flexibility and presenting in its time period a more positive deterrent to a potential aggressor.

In summarizing the ballistic missiles program, we are meeting our schedules, and we are continually reviewing our program to determine the desirability and feasibility of increasing or modifying our effort on these programs to maintain a balance in our overall total military posture.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, sir, and I thank all of you three gentlemen for very fine statements.

Now, I want to ask Dr. York a few questions in reference to the program.

We have already probed rather deeply the question of responsibility in the Defense Department, and as I read the directive that Dr. York received on February 10, this directive in effect gives Dr. York full and complete-I could say dictatorial-authority to get this space program, especially the ballistic missile program, in shape so it will move forward with the utmost speed. That is correct, isn't it, Doctor? Dr. YORK. My authority refers to all research and engineering programs, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. Well, the ones that we are especially interested in now, of course, are the ballistic missile and the space program. What changes do you plan to make, Doctor, under the new authority that you have received from the Secretary of Defense?

Dr. YORK. Changes with regard to what, Mr. Chairman?

The CHAIRMAN. Well, first, the organizational setup. Do you plan any changes whatsoever?

Dr. YORK. My office, of course, is one which has replaced the prior office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, so that the office will be composed and made up largely of the people who came from that office.