The purpose of these hearings is to present to the members of this committee and, insofar as security regulations permit, to the public at large a picture of the situation as it exists today in the fields of science and astronautics. Although perhaps the principal focus of the hearings for the next several days will be on astronautics, it is important to recognize that this committee is concerned with scientific research across the board. Later work of the committee will explore many areas ranging beyond astronautics.

As indicated in the press release of the committee, the initial phase of the hearings will last for 4 days, to hear from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and from each of the three armed services.

As I have previously stated to members of the committee in executive session, this committee has too important a role to fulfill to be influenced by partisan considerations. We shall expect to work cooperatively with agencies of the executive branch of Government to advance programs vital both to the national welfare and to national security. We shall also consider legislation referred to the committee, and shall conduct such inquiries and investigations as may be

necessary.

I wish to say that in recent days I have read many conflicting statements by eminent authorities concerning the progress that the Nation has made in the missile program. The more I read, the more confused I become about one thing: They all seem to agree upon the fact that the United States lags behind Russia in the development of the missile program. The degree of lag is dependent upon the authority quoted. The public is confused. These hearings, if they do anything, should clear up this confusion among authorities. We are definitely behind Russia in the development of the intercontinental ballistic missile, so important to our survival. We must overtake and surpass Russia in this respect, and I am sure this committee is resolved to do everything within its power to encourage and stimulate our leaders to reach the goal of overtaking and surpassing Russia in this part of our national defense.

This is no time for kid-glove conversation, but it is a good time to present to the public the plain and unvarnished truth.

This morning, members of the committee, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is going to begin the presentation for that agency, and he will be followed by various technical experts and division heads to sketch the general outlines of their work and interests.

Our first witness this morning is Dr. Glennan, who is the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Doctor, we apologize for holding you there. If you will come forward and have a seat.

Before you start your statement, my colleague from Pennsylvania has a short statement to make.

Mr. FULTON. We on the Republican side want to join with our chairman and the majority leader in looking into these programs to see just where the United States does stand at the present time.

I don't think that I personally can go along with any blanket statement as to who is ahead, either Russia or the United States, because that is the purpose of our investigation. Obviously, they are ahead in some fields and we in the United States, from my own experience, are ahead in other fields.

The question then among authorities is: How important are those fields, first, to our national safety and security, and, secondly, to scientific advancement?

For my part, I put the programs on ICBM's, as well as the other missile and guided space vehicles, on a much broader basis than their military use or their place in competition with Russia. I believe we have many economic gains to be made, such as weather control, weather prediction, peacetime television, operating the Post Office Department, maybe, in the period of an hour, through having 20 to 30 missiles in the air, from which we either send or receive messages. The field is much broader than a race with Russia, and we in this committee, I hope, on the Republican side, will see that the implementation is given for broad scientific advances, not only for our security in a race with Russia but for the benefit of all mankind.

Lastly, I believe we on this side want to see these scientific advances made available for the whole world-all the scientists-so that every people, that is, our allies as well as the people behind the Iron Curtain, can move ahead, raise their standards of living, and arrive at a peaceful world.

Thank you very much.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, sir.

Now Dr. T. Keith Glennan, Administrator of National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Doctor, you have a prepared statement. We will be glad to hear you as our first witness in the first session of this committee. I think this is an historic occasion.

STATEMENT OF DR. T. KEITH GLENNAN, ADMINISTRATOR OF NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Dr. GLENNAN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I am delighted to have an opportunity to appear before you and to see so many of the committee members in attendance this morning. Before I do read this statement, I would like to introduce to the committee a man who I guess is known to most of you, Dr. Hugh Dryden, the Deputy Administrator, and Dr. Homer J. Stewart, who is Director of our Office for Programing, Planning, and Evaluation. Now, if I may proceed.

Mr. Chairman, members of the committee and counsel, several days ago I was privileged, as indeed were some of you, to attend the cere

mony at which the Army presented to the Smithsonian Institution on the first anniversary of its historic flight, a replica of Explorer I, the first U.S. earth satellite.

As I sat there, recollections raced through my mind of some of the many things that have happened in the year since we began our scientific exploration of space. Four additional U.S. satellites have been sent into orbit, carrying instruments for producing new scientific information of great importance. Two U.S. space probes have been launched to a maximum distance of 71,300 miles from the earth. In that same 12-month period the U.S.S.R. has launched an additional satellite with a very large payload and has sent the first probe beyond the moon and into orbit around the sun.

During this same period much more has happened. As a Nation we have been engaged in the most sober and intense assessment of where we stand in space technology, space science, and space exploration; we have pondered where we want to go in those areas, and what we must do to reach our goals.

We have faced up to the fact that we shall have to make the most earnest effort if we are to reach the goals we have set for ourselves. We have had to understand, also, that this is to be a continuing competition on a variety of fronts, scientific and economic as well as military.

As Dr. Hans Selye, director of the institute of experimental medicine and surgery of the University of Montreal has written:

We must educate our children to understand that from now on man's great wars will not be fought with muscle. His battles will not be won by the glorious, intoxicating, momentary courage to face danger and die for a cause. Our children must learn that the great victory in peace and war will be won by warriors of a different stamp, men of intellectual vigor, and by the sober, persistent dedication of their entire lives. They will have to learn that it is far more difficult to live than to die for a cause.

A principal reason I am here today is because the Congress and the executive branch were in agreement that, and I quote from the Space Act of 1958, "activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind." In my opinion, as Americans we can be rightly proud that our country for the past year has led in efforts to establish a climate of international opinion that will give real meaning to the principle that space flight is, or at least should be, inherently international and peaceful in its intent.

As you know, the Space Act requires that—

activities peculiar to or primarily associated with the development of weapons systems, military operations, or the defense of the United States (including the research and development necessary to make effective provision for the defense of the United States) shall be the concern of the Department of Defense.

There are large areas of space activity where there may be a duality of interest, both civilian and military. On May 21, last, the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration of the House, in its report, "The National Space Program," recognized this duality of interest and use. In such instances, and I quote from the report:

** their primary purpose should be declared civilian. If we do not do this, we automatically commit the world of the future to the same stalemated life in armor which is lived by the world of today. If the very efficiency of current weapons virtually denies the practicable possibility of total war, further strides made in our rocket development would probably intensify this denial. The entire purpose of our effort should be to insure that the peaceful uses of these devices prevail. This is the stated philosophy behind our space exploration. It is the philosophy of this country.

The probable material benefits of space exploration are both direct and indirect and may be applicable both to civilian and military activities. The first practical applications appear to be those of satellites to the problems of worldwide communications and of meteorological research and weather forecasting. The last satellite launched by the United States, the Atlas, demonstrated in dramatic fashion some of the potentialities of a communications satellite. This accomplishment is but the first step in a development expected to lead to an economically-sound, wide-band, reliable worldwide communication system. Such a system would permit the transmission of television programs, if the use of the system for such a purpose were considered desirable.

A meteorological satellite would enable worldwide observation of clouds and other aspects of weather as suitable methods and instruments are developed. At present there are available weather observations from a limited number of stations on the land masses of the

globe and from a few ships at sea. The much greater amount of information from the worldwide coverage of the satellite would, when suitably processed, increase the accuracy of weather forecasts. Economic studies have shown very large dollar savings from relatively small improvements in accuracy. More accurate forecasts have tremendous economic implications for agriculture, food-processing industries, public utility companies, and numerous other industries.

There are other applications of satellites to more special uses such as navigation and geodetic measurements. Beyond these we enter the realm of speculation and prophecy. We do not know the ultimate role of space vehicles in transportation any more than the few spectators of the early flights of the Wright brothers knew of our present jet transports which make the world a neighborhood. Some speculate that the moon and the planets represent a vast new physical frontier, a source of new material wealth, but at present this cannot be demonstrated. Suffice it to say that there are some clearly-seen material benefits to human welfare from space exploration, and that there are others, probably more significant, hidden from our view. I am personally convinced that these now-hidden gains that will accrue from our national space programs represent future payoffs of incalculable value, very possibly outweighing greatly the investments that will be required.

I have referred to the goal of our national space programs as the opening of space to mankind. Such an aim embraces the many interests of man himself, the material and the spiritual. To explore space to gain additional knowledge about the universe in which we

live, to open space to the travel of man, himself, to open space as a demonstration of one's mastery of advanced technologies, all these reflect as in a mirror the insatiable curiosity of the human mind.

Our space science program is already providing much new knowledge about space which has led to the postulation of new theories about the earth and the environment surrounding it. And we have only begun to accumulate this new knowledge. High priority is being given to the study of energetic particles. In the immediate program, the interactions of high energy particles with the earth's atmosphere and field will be studied intensively and the types and energy of such particles and their spatial distribution will be measured.

Of specific interest are the measurements of cosmic-ray intensity in interplanetary space; of time and latitude cosmic-ray intensity variations; of composition and spatial extent of the great Van Allen radiation belts around the earth; of the cosmic-ray energy and charge spectrums, and of the nature of the particles producing auroras. Measurements will be extended as far as possible toward the sun and toward the outer reaches of the solar system, including the interactions of energetic particles with the atmospheres and fields of the planets.

These are but the an indication of the broad program that must be undertaken in the years to come. In our selection of the scientific space experiments to be conducted, we look for advice to the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences. This board of 16 scientists is headed by Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner. It has already been helpful with reference to the immediate program for scientific exploration of the space environment. It also has in preparation a comprehensive report on the longer range scientific objectives with respect to the study of many physical phenomena relating to the moon, planets, and interplanetary space.

So far, my discussion has been focused on the objectives as expressed by the administration and the Congress, that our space programs shall be peace-oriented. Others appearing before your committee will deal with military interests in space technology.

Now, I want to speak about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

The Space Act provided expressly that NASA should become operative 90 days after its enactment, July 29, or on any earlier date that the Administrator might determine. We shortened this 90-day period of preparation by one-third, and as of the close of business, September 30, last, NASA was in operation.

To get going, we have had to organize with one hand, while, at the same time, we are trying to operate with the other. This, we all know, is not the most efficient way to do business. There was not then, and there is not now, time for us to proceed in the most orderly fashion. At NASA we have accepted the realities of the situation. We have improvised task-force teams that by brute effort could get done as quickly as possible what had to be done. We recognize, however, that