Furthermore, the real benefits to mankind from the exploitation of space are known to us all. They fill volumes of House Reports, and are reported through the media with some regularity. Lately, NASA and the industry have taken more pains to get this information flowing more steadily to the people.

Now that we are in trouble, the aerospace industry has become more aggressive in publicizing the things we do that promise payoffs to all mankind. That we waited so long to speak out makes this effort more difficult. But we owe it to ourselves and to you in Congress who support us--to take more active steps to inform the people!

Perhaps we, as scientists and engineers, failed to communicate adequately with the man in the street because of our parochial dedication to technology. We are, by nature, conservative about displaying our accomplishments, and maybe even suspicious that laymen cannot appreciate the wonders of science. In view of the public's expressed opposition to some programs it's about time we opened our doors more widely to convey the fantastic excitement and potential to those people we claim to serve.

We are on record in favor of a "bold and energetic yet well balanced space program" as defined by the President in his Aeronautics and Space Report to the Congress. We feel the President's Space Task Group report last fall outlined such a program for our future national space policy.

It calls for continued exploration of the moon, bold exploration of the planets and the universe, substantial reduction in the cost of space operations, extension of man's ability to live and work in space, expansion of the practical applications of space technology and the encouragement of greater international cooperation

in space.

Within these goals, we feel there must be a continuing evolution of the technology which makes us able to cope with such problems as the environment and defense. We must keep pushing the state of the art, and establish reasonable milestones with which to measure our progress.

We feel strongly that our position of world leadership depends upon these things-ultimately, our survival does.

Again, it is a question of priorities, of Congressional decision, which will determine whether we pursue alternatives or surrender them.

I would like to thank you for being here this morning and I welcome the opportunity to tell you what we have done and what we wish to do, and we particularly appreciate what I regard as the guidance you have given us as to how we can help--and we intend to do that.

Mr. TEAGUE. Doctor, may I say one more thing. Larry Winn—as a last Apollo launch-took a whole planeload of people from Kansas down to the city. A Rotary club in Dallas took a 707 over there. Just before that a doctor in Dallas took 50 fathers and 50 sons and went to Huntsville over the weekend, and then went down to the Cape.

I haven't talked to Larry about this since. I was with him down there, but the ones I have dealt with-it's paid off unbelievably. Mr. WINN. A commercial venture took two 747 plane loads from Kansas City. They had two chartered. There were 150 people.

Dr. SOLOMON. Mr. Chairman, would you like to view the exhibit? Mr. TEAGUE. Yes; Dr. Solomon, please proceed.

(Whereupon, at the hour of 11 a.m., the proceedings were concluded.)

STATE OF CALIFORNIA,

County of Los Angeles, ss:

I, Julian R. Schwab, Certified Shorthand Reporter and Notary Public within and for the County of Los Angeles and State of California, do hereby certify: That the foregoing House Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight was taken before me at the time and place herein set forth, and was taken down by me in shorthand and thereafter transcribed into typwriting under my direction and supervision;

That the foregoing 86 pages contain a true and correct transcription of my shorthand notes so taken.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed my seal this 4th day of April, 1971.

My Commission Expires January 19, 1973.

JULIAN R. SCHWAB,
Notary Public in and for the
State of California.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF DR. RICHARD D. DELAUER, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TRW INC.

I bid you welcome to TRW. It is all to infrequent that we have the opportunity to share our experiences and views with so learned a group. You have come to visit with us while many Southern Californians are still reeling from two shocks-one natural and the other man-made. The natural shock was centered in the San Franando Valley just north of here. And, we have had several real earthmovers in just the past few days.

The man-made shock, of course, was the decision to cease development of the SST; that coming hard on the heels of an aerospace industry recession nearly as devastating as the earthquakes. I am quite concerned about the aftershocks that will hit city and state governments when they start counting tax revenues after April 15th.

But you have not come to Southern California and to TRW to hear me philosophize on the state of the economy. Your mission is manned space flight and we are honored to be one of your hosts.

This morning we will talk about what we have been doing in the space program— particularly, the manned space program-in the past decade. Then, we want to discuss our current and near future projects and how they fit into the overall national picture. And, finally, Dr. George Solomon, the General Manager of the Systems Group, will share with you some of our views on the direction the space program is taking, especially in terms of national goals and policies.

My role this morning is to provide perspective in terms of TRW as a corporate entity. But I would like to add some thoughts on what we are trying to do to forge another dimension to the technology that sends man to the moon and brings him back.

Some 70 years ago, the owner of a Cleveland hardware store had an idea for making better valves. He used the technology of the day to weld the stems to the caps. That was the start. In between, we built valves and other parts for the airplanes and automobiles of two World Wars and Lindberg's Spirit of St. Louis, established the Thompson Trophy for the fastest aircraft, and entered the jet and space ages with a strong technological base that prepared us for the ultimate test given us when the astronauts of Apollo 13 ran into trouble.

Today, we still make automobile valves-and pistons, pumps, machine tools, wire, jet engine parts, fasteners, TV and radio parts, motors, spacecraft, spacecraft engines, and computer programs. In 70 years, we've grown to nearly $1.6 billion in gross sales. Two Hundred and Sixty-Five TRW plants and offices are in 39 states and the District of Columbia, and in 20 foreign countries. And, as in 1901, our 52,000 domestic employees and 25,000 overseas continue to use technology and, as you will see, continue to advance technology to and beyond the current horizons.

Organizationally, the largest segment of TRW is its vehicle components. Some 15,000 people produce more than $150 worth of parts for virtually every automobile manufactured in the U.S. In fact, we point with pride that everything that has a motor has a TRW part.

We're very proud of our contributions to the aviation industry. The 8,000 people in our Equipment Group manufacture major portions of the jet engines General Electric, and Pratt and Whitney are producing for both the military and commercial aircraft programs. We're among the nation's leaders in the developmennt of alloys and special-purpose metals.

Virtually every color television set produced in the U.S. relys on TRW parts to provide color coverage. Our Electronic components people-8,000 of themproduce a wide variety of parts for radio, television, radar, and other military and civilian electronic equipment.

Not shown here is our United-Greenfield Division, a group of 4,000 people who produce the drills, dies, and machine tools that form the backbones of many U.S. industries.

TRW is also heavily involved in the petroleum industy-supplying pumps, pipe handling equipment, and a variety of parts unique to the people who explore in the cold of Alaska or the depths of the Persian Gulf for that vital fluid.

I'd like to reserve my comments about the Systems Applications Center for a moment. The talks by Gordon Williams and Dave Demarest will cover the main features of the Systems Group.

Instead, I would like to move into that other dimension of technology to which I alluded earlier-the one that concerns itself with the application of spacecraft and missle technology in areas other than defense and space.

I hope Chairman Teague's insertion into the Congressional Record of February 24th of Werner von Braun's comments before Texas Christian University got widespread publicity. It was learned and concise summary of where space technology now stands and where it hopes to go in the future. But, as we well know, while speeches sometime may inspire, only people with imagination and commitment can turn inspiration into reality.

TRW today is the product of technology that was in people's minds and on their drawing boards no more than ten or fifteen years ago. We have that heritage of being in the forefront of technology and converting it into products for man and machine.

In the current environment, that heritage is not enough. We must also think of how we can convert technology to benefit man directly. Here is a challenge not easily met. Nor can it be achieved as quickly as the pollsters and other opinion samplers would have us believe.

Yet, in spite of the obstacles-public apathy, insufficient funding, layer after layer of bureaucracy, and a general lack of true commitment-we must do something. I would hasten to add, however, that as a corporation with equal obligations toward our shareholders, our customers, and the recipients of our philanthropies, what is to be done must be done at a profit.

The main ingredient of technology transfer is people-people steeped in advanced technology, experienced in being a part of complex national programs, and thoroughly conversant with the management techniques that mold man, resources, and time into an entity for meeting goals. Our pollution, transportation, housing, and health problems are even more national in scope than the ballistic missile and Apollo programs. We at TRW believe they can be solved-and we are trying in the best way possible.

We have found, for instance, that analysis techniques developed in space projects can be used to improve the forging of automotive parts and in the simulation of production lines. At the same time, computerized techniques for handling technical data in a helicopter program are being transferred directly to bringing together information generated by the many bureaus in a state government.

The computer industry, as you may know, is a direct beneficiary of the space program. The computer memory for Mercury, for instance, had to store only 40,000 words. Apollo, on the other hand, had to have a capacity of 1,500,000. This requirement was a difficult challenge to industry. Yet, it was answered and. as a result, the computer industry is today valued at $8 billion and its exports— the necessary element of our national balance of trade-increased more than 15 times between 1960 and 1969... to some $730 million.

The computer has had an impact on our everyday lives. And, when we reach the point of being checkless, cashless society, is will play an even larger role. Mindful of this potential, and the fact that the American public is more nomadic now than it has ever been, TRW has entered the credit field. Here, we bring together our expertise in developing computer programs-gained, incidentially, on both the ballistic missile and Apollo programs-and our knowledge of computer equipment. Credit granting equipment and credit varifying services are part of the TRW Systems Applications Center I mentioned earlier.

Similarly, we bring together computer technology and electronics-specifically sensor technology-to create automobile traffic analysis and control systems. Related technologies can improve and automate police communication networks. All of this is a direct transfer by people who used to be deeply involved in space projects.

To better organize these and other efforts, TRW created a Civil Systems Center. For a number of years we helped the Department of Transportation develop the high speed train corridor between Washington, D.C. and Boston. We are among the 20+ companies developing low-cost housing for the Department of Housing and Urban Development. We helped the Canadians design a new hospital, clinic, and teaching center in Alberta. Fresno, concerned with its future

growth, has hired TRW to help draw up a long-range community development that is a reflection of space technologies related to computers, analyses, materials, electronics and management.

In a recitation of this type, I cannot ignore something that is keyed to the future. I'm referring specifically to NASA's Earth Resources Program-which, incidentally, could be manned as well as unmanned. Reams of words have been written about the value of this program to agriculture, geology, hydrology, oceanology, cartography, forestry, and land development. Confident that there is a bright future in this area of technology, TRW created a mineral exploration organization that will use sensor technology, computer analysis techniques, and a broad knowledge of how spacecraft observations can be translated into useful information for earthbound decision-making.

I could go on for hours talking about how TRW is committed to transferring technology into non-space areas. I have tried here to give you a brief overview of the major organizational steps we have taken. I would like to leave you with a few isolated examples that to us point up the tremendous potential that space technology holds.

For instance, we were concerned with air bubbles getting into fuel lines while a vehicle was in a zero-g condition. Air might have blocked exit jets and the engines would have failed when ordered to fire. We developed a de-aerating technique that appears now to be at least a partial answer to harvesting oil spills from tankers or ships in harbors. We think, too, that there may be a market in oil fields where the driller is concerned about keeping water and oil separated in storage tanks.

The engine we built for the Apollo Lunar Module has opened a whole new area for exploitation and transfer. We find, for instance, that the underlying technology can be used to increase combustion efficiency in plants that use natural gas as fuel. If the efficiency of combustion can be improved, the pollutants coming out of smokestacks will be decreased if not eliminated.

While on the subject of pollution, I would like to introduce you to what might be called the 11th commandment-one that underscores the concern of a growing number of Americans: "Thou shalt not despoil thine Earth nor pollute it, nor consume it, nor do anything to make it unfit for thine everlasting habitation."

One characteristic of producing space hardware is that it adds very few pollutants to the environment-although there are some who contend that all those spent stages and spacecraft now orbiting Earth are a form of pollution. It seems to us, however, that there are enormous opportunities to apply what we have learned in space to solving pollution problems. We have started and we intend to continue within the limits of our resources. We have the commitment. We worry that without a similar commitment at all levels of Government, ours may be too little and too late.

I would now like to introduce Gordon Williams who will describe some of the missile and space projects to which TRW has made significant contributions.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF R. GORDON WILLIAMS, PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT MANAGER, SPACE VEHICLES DIVISION, TRW SYSTEMS

TRW SYSTEMS' PARTICIPATION IN MANNED SPACE PROGRAMS

One of the things that has enabled TRW Systems to play a substantial role in the United States manned space flight programs is the experience it acquired in the fields of ballistic missiles and unmanned scientific spacecraft. The company initially functioned as an advisory technical staff for the United States Air Force in their development of our country's major ballistic missile weapon systems-Thor, Atlas, Titan, and Minuteman. To provide systems engineering and technical direction for these programs, the company had to develop a very broad technological base covering all aspects of space and missile technology-propulsion, attitude control, trajectories, mission analysis, and re-entry, just to name a few. As a result of this background we developed an unusually excellent technical staff, and management techniques for conducting large scale technical programs within the ever-present constraints of cost and schedule. In addition to its work on missile programs, TRW was the first private company to design, build, and launch a spacecraft-Pioneer I in 1958. As NASA's first spacecraft, it made important contributions to spacecraft technology in

cluding instrumentation in space tracking, telemetry and command and attitude control. Since that time we have participated in one way or another in 9 out of 10 of our country's spacecraft projects. Our early Pioneer and Explorer satellites investigated the space environment, measuring such things as the radiation trapped in the Van Allen belts. Satellites of this kind were necessary precursors for manned space flight, in the sense that thye gave us the first valid data on space hazards that astronauts might encounter from such things as radiation and micro-meteorites. TRW's sun-orbiting Pioneers Nos 6 through 9 are keeping a constant vigil for signs of major solar flares and other radiations powerful enough to endanger astronauts in space. The Pioneer space weather monitoring mission is a key element in the daily forecasts made by the Environmental Sciences Services Administration. ESSA attempts to provide 24-hour warnings of major solar eruptions so that launches may be delayed or orbits altered to protect astronauts.

NASA Ames Research Center selected us to apply the Pioneer technology to the development of a long-life, highly reliable spacecraft to be used in explorations of the planet Jupiter. With a mission that will carry it through the asteroid belt to the first of the outer planets, the Jupiter Pioneer will be the first NASA spacecraft to depend wholly on radioisotopes for electrical power, making it a sun-independent vehicle. TRW studies indicate that the Pioneer Jupiter may also be modified to perform advanced missions such as precursor flights to the outer planets for the purpose of aiding in the selection of outer planet science payloads.

TRW's Vela satellites play a nuclear watchdog role that includes monitoring the earth as well as deep space for nuclear detonations that violate the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The 12 Vela satellites, one of the country's longest continuously operating series of spacecraft, have also made major contributions to space science by increasing our knowledge of the space radiation environment.

We have made extensive measurements on the earth and its immediate space environment with our Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (OGO's), the free world's largest scientific satellites. We have also built the world's smallest satellites the environmental research satellites-to test materials, components. and communications in space.

TRW Systems also developed and manufactured the Intelsat III communication satellites (for COMSAT Corporation). Our current work includes such things as military communication satellites, a very large unmanned military satellite, and a major study of a high energy astronomical observatory which NASA will use to provide us with information on such things as x-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays throughout our solar system and Galaxy.

I have outlined briefly these activities of the company because of their relevance to manned space flight. For example, the work that we did on trajectories for our weapon systems such as Atlas, Titan and Minuteman, provided the background and skills for the work we have done at our Houston Operations in calculating trajectories and assisting in design assessment tasks for the Apollo missions. Our communications satellites have been used as part of the Apollo communication network. Our small satellites have tested out components used in the manned space program, and one of them checked out the Apollo tracking nework, training the ground crews in its operation. Our scientific satellites have given us information on the space environment so that we would give astronauts appropriate protection from radiation, temperature extremes and other hazards. In short, the technological base TRW developed for our unmanned space programs has served both us and our customers in our manned space activities.

Our participation in NASA's manned space flight programs began with Mercury and Gemini. For Mercury we worked out the guidance equations for the vehicle flight path and, after extensively simulated flights, incorporated the equations into the onboard computer. We analyzed the performance of Gemini spacecraft subsystems such as the inertial guidance system, evaluated the adequacy of real time command and control, and devised the re-entry trajectories. Incidentally, one of our affiliated companies (Tapco) supplied medical amplifiers that were attached to the Mercury astronauts body, to telemeter their heart beats and body temperatures to the ground.

TRW's broad technological base is well demonstrated in the number of diverse roles we have been called upon to play in the Apollo program. These have ranged from providing specific hardware components to general technical and engineering support for NASA's Manned Space Center in Houston. For example, long