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of cotyledons aggregating the equivalent of a cotyledon will be considered as one-third of a unit.

(2) "Loose skins" means skins or portions of skins which have become separated wholly from the cotyledons.

(3) A "broken unit" means a bean from which either cotyledon, or portions thereof, has become detached and any such parts of the bean that have become separated from the whole bean.

(4) "Mashed units" means beans that are crushed or flattened to the extent that their appearance is seriously affected.

(5) "Damaged unit" means any unit that is (i) spotted, discolored, or otherwise damaged to such an extent that its appearance or edibility is materially affected, or (ii) affected by pathological, insect, or similar type injury regardless of the area affected. Beans that possess characteristic darkening around the hilum are not considered damaged units.

(b) (A) classification. Canned dried beans that are practically free from defects may be given a score of 34 to 40 points. "Practically free from defects" means that no extraneous material is present, and, of the units:

(1) Not more than 5 percent, by count, may be loose skins and broken and mashed units; and

(2) Not more than 4 percent, by count, may be damaged units.

(c) (C) classification. If the canned dried beans are fairly free from defects, a score of 28 to 33 points may be given. Canned dried beans that fall into this classification shall not be graded above U. S. Grade C or U. S. Standard, regardless of the total score for the product (this is a limiting rule). "Fairly free from defects" means that there may be present not more than 1 small piece of harmless extraneous material for each 20 ounces of net weight, and, of the units:

(1) Not more than 10 percent, by count, may be loose skins and broken and mashed units; and

(2) Not more than 8 percent, by -count, may be damaged units.

Canned

(d) (SStd) classification. dried beans that fail to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section may be given a score of 0 to 27 points and shall not be graded above U. S. Grade D or Substandard, regardless of the total score for the product (this is a limiting :rule).

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(a) (A) classification. Canned dried beans that possess a good character may be given a score of 34 to 40 points. "Good character" means the beans possess a texture that is typical, that may be slightly granular or slightly firm, and that the skins are tender.

(b) (C) classification. If the canned dried beans possess a fairly good character, a score of 28 to 33 points may be given. Canned dried beans that fall into this classification shall not be graded above U. S. Grade C or U. S. Standard, regardless of the total score for the product (this is a limiting rule). "Fairly good character" means that the beans possess a fairly good typical texture, that the beans may be firm but are not markedly hard, that the beans may be soft but are not mushy, and that the skins may be slightly tough.

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§ 52.421

EXPLANATIONS

Explanation of terms.

(a) "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the beans are alike in shape, color, and general characteristics.

(b) "Good typical color" means (1) that the beans possess a color distinctly characteristic of the type of canned dried beans; and (2) that the surrounding sauce or brine possesses a color distinctly characteristic for the style of pack.

(c) "Reasonably rich, typical and normal flavor" means a flavor that is indicative of good-flavored ingredients for the respective type and style of pack, and the canned dried beans are free from objectionable flavors or objectionable odors of any kind.

(d) "Typical and normal flavor" means a flavor that is indicative of a product slightly lacking in good-flavor ingredients for the respective type and style of pack, and the canned dried beans are free from objectionable flavors or objectionable odors of any kind.

LOT INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION § 52.422 Ascertaining the grade of a lot. The grade of a lot of the processed product covered by these standards is

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(a) "Canned green beans" means canned green beans as defined in the definitions and standard of identity for canned green beans (21 CFR 51.10), issued pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

(b) "Canned wax beans" means canned wax beans as defined in the definitions and standard of identity for canned wax beans (21 CFR 51.15), issued pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

(c) "Canned beans" or "beans" as hereinafter referred to in this subpart means canned green beans or canned wax beans.

(d) "Unit" means an individual green bean or wax bean, or portion of either, in canned beans. § 52.442

Styles of canned beans.

(a) "Whole" means canned beans that consist of whole pods, including pods which after removal of either or both ends are less than 24 inches in length, or transversely cut pods not less than 234 inches in length and, except for "vertical pack" or asparagus style, are not arranged in any definite position in the container.

(b) "Whole vertical pack" means canned beans that are "whole" and are packed parallel to the sides of the container.

(c) "Whole asparagus style" means canned beans that are "whole" and consist of pods that are cut at both ends, are of substantially equal lengths, and are packed parallel to the sides of the container.

(d) "Sliced lengthwise" or "French style" means canned beans consisting of pods that are sliced lengthwise.

(e) "Cut" or "cuts" means canned beans consisting of pods that are cut transversely into pieces less than 23 inches, but not less than 34 inch, in length, and may contain shorter end pieces which result from cutting.

(f) "Short cut" or "short cuts" means canned beans consisting of pieces of pods of which not less than 75 percent are less than 34 inch in length and not more than 1 percent are more than 14 inches in length.

(g) "Mixed" or "mixture" means a mixture of two or more of the following styles of canned beans: "whole"; "sliced lengthwise"; "cuts"; or "short cuts".

§ 52.443 Grades of canned beans.

(a) "U.S. Grade A" (or "U.S. Fancy") is the quality of canned green beans or canned wax beans that possess similar varietal characteristics; possess a normal flavor and odor; are practically free from defects for reasons other than damaged by mechanical injury; possess a good character; and are of such quality with respect to clearness of liquor, uniformity of color, and absence of defects as to score not less than 90 points when scored in accordance with the scoring system outlined in this subpart.

(b) "U.S. Grade B" (or "U.S. Extra Standard") is the quality of canned green beans or canned wax beans that

possess similar varietal characteristics; possess a normal flavor and odor; possess a reasonably uniform typical color, are reasonably free from defects; possess a reasonably good character; and are of such quality with respect to clearness of liquor as to score not less than 80 points when scored in accordance with the scoring system outined in this subpart.

(c) "U.S. Grade C" (or "U.S. Standard") is the quality of canned green beans or canned wax beans that possess similar varietal characteristics; possess a normal flavor and odor; possess a fairly good liquor; possess a fairly uniform typical color; are fairly free from defects; possess a fairly good character; and score not less than 70 points when scored in accordance with the scoring system outlined in this subpart.

(d) "Substandard" is the quality of canned beans that fail to meet the requirements of U.S. Grade C and may or may not be "Below Standard in Quality-Good Food-Not High Grade". FILL OF CONTAINER AND DRAINED WEIGHTS § 52.444 Recommended fill of container.

The recommended fill of container is not incorporated in the grades of the finished product since fill of container, as such, is not a factor of quality for the purpose of these grades. It is recommended that each container of canned beans be filled with beans as full as practicable without impairment of quality and that the product and packing medium occupy not less than 90 percent of the total capacity of the container.

§ 52.445 Recommended drained weight.

The drained weight recommendations in Table No. I of this section are not incorporated in the grades of the finished product since drained weight, as such, is not a factor of quality for the purpose of these grades. The drained weight of beans is determined by emptying the contents of the container upon a United States Standard No. 8 circular sieve of proper diameter containing 8 meshes to the inch (0.0937-inch +3%, square openings) so as to distribute the product evenly, inclining the sieve slightly to facilitate drainage, and allowing to drain for 2 minutes. A sieve 8 inches in diameter is used for No. 22 size cans (401 x 411) and smaller sizes, and a sieve 12 inches in diameter is used for containers larger than the No. 22 size

can.

§ 52.446 Compliance with recommended drained weights.

Compliance with the recommended drained weights for canned beans in Table I is determined by averaging the drained weights from all the containers in the sample which is representative of a specific lot and such lot is considered as meeting the recommendations if the following criteria are met:

(a) The average of the drained weights from all of the containers in the sample meets the recommended minimum drained weight for the applicable style;

(b) The drained weights from the containers which do not meet the recommended minimum drained weight are within the range of variability of good commercial practice.

TABLE I-RECOMMENDED MINIMUM DRAINED WEIGHTS FOR CANNED GREEN BEANS AND WAX BEANS

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[26 F.R. 5555, June 22, 1961, as amended at 37 F.R. 587, Jan. 14, 1972]

§ 52.447

TYPES AND SIZES

Types of canned beans.

The type of canned beans is not incorporated in the grades of the finished product, since the type of canned beans is not a factor of quality for the purpose of these grades. The type of canned beans is based upon the relationship of the width and thickness measurement and is described as "round-type" or "flat-type" as follows:

(a) "Round-type" are canned beans having a width not greater than 11⁄2 times the thickness of the bean.

(b) "Flat-type" are canned beans having a width greater than 11⁄2 times the thickness of the bean.

§ 52.448 Sizes of canned beans.

The size of beans is not a factor of quality of canned beans for the purpose of these grades. The size of a whole, cut, or short cut bean is determined by measuring the thickness at the shorter diameter of the bean transversely to the long axis at the thickest portion of the pod. The designations of the various sizes of round type and flat type beans are shown in Table No. II-A and II-B of this subpart.

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(a) General. In addition to considering other requirements outlined in the standards, the following quality factors are evaluated in ascertaining the grade of the product:

(1) Factors not rated by score points. (i) Flavor and odor: "Normal flavor and normal odor" means that the canned beans are free from objectionable flavors and objectionable odors of any kind. (ii) Varietal characteristics. (2) Factors rated by score points. The relative importance of each factor which is scored is expressed numerically on the scale of 100. The maximum

number of points that may be given each factor is:

Factors:

Clearness of liquor..

Color

Absence of defects..

Character

Total score-

Points

10

15

85

40

100

§ 52.450 Ascertaining the rating for the factors which are scored.

The essential variations within each factor which is scored are so described that the value may be ascertained for each factor and expressed numerically. The numerical range within each factor which is scored is inclusive (for example, "31 to 35 points" means 31, 32, 33, 34, or 35 points).

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(a) (A) classification. Canned beans that possess a practically clear liquor may be given a score of 9 or 10 points. "Practically clear liquor" means that the liquor may possess a slight tint of yellowgreen to green color and that not more than a trace of suspended material and sediment is present.

(b) (B) classification. If the canned beans possess a reasonably clear liquor, a score of 8 points may be given. "Reasonably clear liquor" means that the liquor may be cloudy and contain a small quantity of sediment.

(c) (C) classification. If the canned beans possess a fairly good liquor, a score of 7 points may be given. "Fairly good liquor" means that the liquor may be dull in color, but not off color; may be cloudy; or may possess a noticeable accumulation of sediment.

Canned

(d) (SStd) classification. beans that possess a liquor that is definitely off color for any reason, is excessively cloudy, or contains a seriously objectionable quantity of sediment may be given a score of 0 to 6 points and shall not be graded above Substandard, regardless of the total score for the product (this is a limiting rule). § 52.452 Color.

(a) (A) classification. Canned beans that possess a practically uniform bright typical color may be given a score of 14 or 15 points. "Practically uniform bright typical color" means that the canned beans possess a color that is bright and typical of very young and tender green beans or wax beans, as the case may be, of similar varietal characteristics with not more than 5 percent, by count, of units which vary markedly from this typical color.

(b) (B) classification. If the canned beans possess a reasonably uniform typical color, a score of 12 or 13 points may be given. "Reasonably uniform typical color" means that the canned beans possess a color that is typical of young and reasonably tender green beans or wax beans, as the case may be, of similar varietal characteristics with not more than 10 percent, by count, of units which vary markedly from this typical color.

(c) (C) classification. Canned beans that possess a fairly uniform typical color may be given a score of 10 or 11 points. Canned beans that fall into this classification shall not be graded above

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U.S. Grade C, regardless of the total score for the product (this is a limiting rule). "Fairly uniform typical color" means that the canned beans possess & color that is typical of nearly mature and fairly tender green beans or wax beans, as the case may be, of similar varietal characteristics with not more than 15 percent, by count, of units which vary markedly from this typical color.

(d) (SStd) classification. Canned beans that are definitely off color or fail to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section may be given a score of 0 to 9 points and shall not be graded above Substandard, regardless of the total score for the product (this is a limiting rule).

§ 52.453 Absence of defects.

(a) General. The factor of absence of defects refers to the degree of freedom from blemished and seriously blemished units; from unstemmed units, detached stems, leaves, extraneous vegetable matter; or split units, loose seeds and pieces of seed, small pieces of pod, and raggedcut units or units damaged by mechanical injury in the applicable styles; and any other defects not specifically defined which affect the appearance or edibility of the units or the product.

(b) Definitions of defects or defective units. (1) "Blemished" or "blemished unit" means blemished by scars, pathological injury, insect injury, or other means in which the aggregate area affected exceeds the area of a circle a inch in diameter or the appearance or eating quality of the unit is materially affected.

(2) "Seriously blemished" or "seriously blemished unit" means blemished to such an extent that the appearance or eating quality of the unit is seriously affected.

(3) "Long stems" mean attached or detached stems which are longer than 1⁄2 inch.

(4) "Extraneous vegetable matter" means leaves and other similar vegetable matter that is harmless, and includes "detached stems", when SO indicated.

(5) "Split unit" means a whole bean, cut, or short cut unit, that is split into two parts.

(6) "Small pieces of pods" means pieces of pods less than 1⁄2 inch in length.

(7) "Ragged-cut unit" means a section of a pod that has a very ragged edge, or a section of a pod that is par

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