Nervous Breakdowns And How to Avoid Them By CHARLES D. MUSGROVE, M.D. In this book Dr. Musgrove covers every phase of his subject in an unusually interesting manner. Some of his chapter headings are: Breakdowns-The Danger Signal-Health-The Value of Health -Rewards and Penalties-The Human Engine and How to Stoke It-What to Eat-How to Eat Food-How Much Food to Take-Fresh Air-Exercise-Baths and Bathing- -Rest-Sleep-Holidays-Recreation-Hobbies-Work-Worry, Etc. 12mo, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail $1.12. FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 354-60 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 600 Shaves From One Blade INVESTMENTS-AND-FINANCE WORK FARMERETTES HAVE. DONE THIS YEAR AND THE GREATER FIELD FOR THEM NEXT YEAR TH HAT the farmerettes "made good" thoroughly during the past season has been clearly demonstrated by the ten days' campaign which began late in September in New York State for raising a million supporting members of the State Woman's Land Army, that organization being the one under which the farmerettes have been engaged for work and sent out to farmers seeking to employ them. About one thousand, or perhaps more, appear to have been employed during the past summer in various parts of the State. No girl was accepted by the Land Army until she had a physician's certificate stating she could stand farmwork. Ineligibles were thus weeded out before they got to the farm. No other standard was set. The girls came from everywhere and had previously been engaged in various kinds of occupation. One camp boasted a concert - singer from South Dakota, a rich woman from Riverside Drive, college girls, teachers, stenographers, telephone operators, and an art student. Another enrolled a librarian from the children's department of the New York Public Library. At the Oceanside unit on Long Island half a dozen States were represented. According to a writer in the New York Sun it has taken about 4 per cent. of those accepted an average of two weeks to get acclimated and to harden their muscles. Others have dropt quite easily into the work without much bodily inconvenience. Most of them lost weight in the first week or so and were "dog tired at night," their muscles aching. But the tonic of outdoor life, contact with nature, freedom from mental strain, long, dreamless nights of sound sleep soon have restored them to normal and something more. In New York State these workers are credited with having saved thousands of dollars' worth of food and helped to increase food production. Partial credit for the increased acreage is given them, because the farmers would never have increased their food crops if they could not have depended on farmerettes to care for and harvest them. Westchester County had approximately two hundred girl farmworkers distributed among its six units. The Land Army plans for next year call for establishing 200 camps in the State. To do that means to raise a fund of $600,000 to cover the cost of securing and equipping camps, providing workclothes for the girls and auto-trucks to carry workers to and from their work. Once established, a camp becomes selfsupporting. Farmers pay the camps $2 a day for eight hours' work by each girl. Only forty units were in the field in New York this year. Official reports received from several counties have indicated that rural New York is supporting the movement for next year's supply with enthusias.n. Westchester County has had thirty women engaged in canvassing every town and village in their allotted districts. These personal canvasses disclosed great interest among farmers. Red Cross and Liberty Loan committees in the county cooperated with the Land Army canvassers. On Long Island leaders have been working hard to complete quotas of memberships. Support has been given them by wealthy estate owners as well as truck-growers and farmers who employed farmerettes last summer. Typical of farmerette work in the interior of the State was the work done in Unadilla, Otsego County, on a farm of several hundred acres, where the manager early in the year had reported to the owner, living in New York City, that he saw no way in which the summer work could be cared for, owing to scarcity of labor. On application to the Woman's Land Army eight young women, four of them college graduates, were secured by the owner and installed in a modernized farm-house near the larger family house. In the village newspaper, The Times, at the close of two months' work by the farmerettes, a writer described how they had done practically every kind of farm work: "They have hoed corn, potatoes, and cabbages; done spraying and general weeding; driven mowing machines and horse rakes; spread hay, pitched hay and mowed hay away; done threshing with machine threshers; dug post-holes through shale; done painting and window-cleaning from ladders; cleaned out from barns rubbish on floors and cobwebs on rafters until neighbor farmers said the barns were 'as clean as a house'; harnessed and driven two-horse teams; helped out farmers' wives with sewing, cooking, and serving meals; gathered stone for stone walls; cut corn both with scythe and reaper, and in pairs churned all summer. Nearly all learned to milk. One operated an electric milker having thirty-two mechanical parts. Another took care of the milk-house. Others cleaned stables, barns, and chicken-houses. In pitching hay two were needed to lift on one haycock, but these two pitched as much hay as did two men working separately at one haycock each, and at the end of the day were less tired than the men were." An official statement, prepared by the "supervisor" of the Unadilla unit, showed for the two months "an Al condition for all the eight members," and that "practically none had been incapacitated, even temporarily." One did get her wrist sprained and therefore could not pitch hay, "but she kept at work weeding vegetable gardens." Their regular pay was $2 a day. Of that sum, $1.50 was set aside for the equipment and upkeep of the unit the furnishings, food-supplies, etc. -the remaining 50 cents going to the worker, who thus received $15 a month, free and clear of living expenses, a sum which, it was noted, "at least one of their number earns at home in one day." The farmerettes had their social pleasures, meanwhile, so much so that in the last week when they were in service the engagements and invitations which arose "began to interfere somewhat embarrassingly with their employment." They estimated, after careful discussion among themselves, that altho the farm was on a hilltop, five miles from the village, they had had in two months about one hundred visitors to their cottage-farmers and their families from neighboring hillsides, people from near-by villages, city boarders from summer hotels, and a lady library expert from the University of Wisconsin. These visitors were entertained with the piano and singing, "an attraction which drew to the cottage increasing numbers, especially of farmers, their wives and children." They were asked to dinner It is predicted that next year the employment of farmerettes will become nation wide, instead of being, confined, as it was this year, to a few States. The Federal Government has been seriously considering taking over the service, as it has been taken over in England by the British Government. At Albany in August was held a conference at which Governor Whitman was present, having for its purpose the formulation of means by which the State could assist in promoting the work. RAILROAD CONTROL BECOMES SELF- Statistics for July gave gratifying evi- 'Aggregate railroad earnings and expenses for July of all the important roads in the country are in line with the individual statements of the different roads already published in showing large increases in both gross and net revenues. indicate, so far as one month's operating They also results may be used to generalize from, that the railroads are supporting basis, if they are not actually a selfreturning a profit to the Government on current operation. now on "Net operating income of these roads for the month of July was $137,845,425 as compared with $92,599,620 in the same month of 1917. In a recent statement from the Director-General's office the compensation payable to the railroad companies for the use of their property by the Government was estimated at $650,000,000 for the first eight months of the year, or at the rate of $81,250,000 a month. The net operating income of the Class 1 roads as mentioned above exceeds this monthly rental figure by $56,595,000. "There are, of course, a considerable number of roads under Federal control not. included in these figures, the operations of which are probably not resulting as favorably to the Government as those of the Class 1 roads. A further reduction of the Government's apparent profit, is caused by the expense of maintaining the overhead organization in Washington and else where, the cost of which is not included in the operating expenses in the report under consideration. "In the Director-General's report to the President of September 3 he gave the number of officers in the regional and central administrations as 136 and the total of their salaries as $1,642,300. The lastmentioned sum, however, by no means measures the cost of Federal administration, since it includes no salaries or wages under $5,000 a year, nor the cost of supplies, office rent, etc. "Nevertheless it is apparent that the increases in freight- and passenger-rates made by the Director-General near the end of June have, for the present at least, restored a balance between income and outgo. July results by themselves, in fact, suggest that before the end of the year the existing debits on current operation will probably have been much reduced if not wiped out. of Federal control ended with July net For the seven months The Literary Digest for October 5, 1918 operating income of the Class 1 railroads was only $290,000,000, whereas the compensation due the companies for that period was $568,750,000. Leaving out administrative expenses there is a deficit here of $278,750,000. If this is to be wiped out by the end of the year the roads will have to earn an average of close to $56,000,000 a month in excess of all payments for which the Government is responsible. Net earnings normally increase during the summer and fall months, reaching their peak in October." WHERE THE COUNTRY IS That the war has brought marked "The steps that have been taken to "With the Allied armies pushing through the German lines and breaking down the German resistance in several sections, the end of the war becomes a matter for consideration, even tho it may be delayed longer than the general public now helieves. New problems, and new aspects of old problems, will arise for solution with the close of the war, especially in the United States, which has become a greater factor in world trade than ever before. The cost of the war, even tho it should end comparatively soon, will be enormous. The United States will have issued some $25,000,000,000 obligations on account of the war by the close of the current year, but a considerable percentage represents loans to our Allies, so that the net cost may be materially smaller than that figure. This appears to be a heavy burden. The "In the Franco-Prussian War an im- 79 THE STANDARD DICTIONARY is needed in every American home where education and culture are truly esteemed. 250 PER JEWEL BURLINGTON The masterpiece of watch Write Today ions of all newest Dennison's BECOME AN EXPERT ACCOUNTANT Executive Accountants command big salaries. Thousands of firms need them. Only 2,000 Certified Public Accountants in U. S. Many are earning $3,000 to $10,000 a year. We train you thoroly by mail in spare time for C. P. A. Examinations or executive accounting positions. Knowledge of Bookkeeping unnecessary to begin-we prepare you from the ground up. Our course and the service are under the supervision of a large staff of C. P. A's, including William B. Castenh lz, A. M. C. P. A., Former Comptroller and Instructor, University of Illinois; Wm. Arthur Chase LL. M., C. P. A., Ex-Secretary Illinois State Board of Accountancy; and other members of American Institute of Accountants. Low tuition fee-easy terms. Write now for free book of Accountancy facts. La Salle Extension University, Dept. 1052-HA, Chicago "The World's Greatest Extension University" COMMON SENSE: How to Exercise It In this very useful and helpful volume Yoritomo Tashi, the celebrated Japanese Shogun, details how this most priceless of Nature's gifts may be fostered and then profitably employed in the furtherance of one's ambitions and the development of one's abilities. It will be of material advantage to all young people starting out in life to read this authoritative book. 18mo, Cloth, $1.00 postpaid FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, 354 Fourth Ave., New York RECORD BUSINESS FOR THE CHAIN STORES Four of the leading five- and ten-cent stores are expected to report about $178,000,000 turn-over for the present year, acIn cording to The Wall Street Journal. eight months the reports of two systems already show "larger gains than in the full year of 1917." Nation-wide thrift is named to account for this big business. About $35,000,000 worth of domestic goods have replaced imports. The writer says in detail of these matters: "If further proof be needed of the claim that thrift has accompanied the war, it is furnished by the sales reports of leading five- and ten-cent stores for the eight months to August 31. All of these companies reported substantial gains in business over the same months of 1917. In two instances the increase for the eightmonth period was greater than the gain for the full year of 1917 over 1916. McCrory stores gained $1,164,053 in the eight months and the Kresge chain $3,959,937, compared with gains of $1,044,391 and $3,695,152, respectively, in 1917 over the previous year. Executives of the various companies state that the spirit of economy which is exercised throughout the country is immediately responsible for the heavy increase in business. This condition, they say, is not only true of the five- and tencent stores, but also of the entire retail trade specializing in low-priced merchandise. The gains are not occurring in any particular section of the country, but are nation-wide in scope. All of Woolworth's twelve districts, embracing every State in the Union, reported gains in August over August, 1917, the Atlanta district leading with a gain of 43 per cent. "Few people realize the enormous amount of five- and ten-cent merchandise sold in a year. Recently, one of the big chains opened a store on Fifth Avenue, New York, and on the opening day 36,135 persons passed through the store and 43,000 individual purchases were registered. Based on the sales reports for the first eight months of 1918 it is estimated that the four chains will do a gross business of about $178,000,000 this year. The following table shows the estimated gross of each company with a comparison of business in previous years: Woolworth. Kresge. Kress. McCrory. Total. 1918 1917 1916 . $110,202,203 $98,102,858 $87,089,271 36,862,107 30,090,700 26,395,548 21,431,239 17,611,349 15,115,179 9,836,369 7,831,508 6,787,117 $178,331,918 $153,636,415 $135,387,115 "It might be claimed that the increase in business is due to the opening of new stores but this is far from the case. Such expansion has now been practically eliminated, due to the Government's order restricting repairs on stores to $2,500. In the first eight months the Woolworth chain was increased by only twenty-six stores, which is small in comparison with the 1917 record of seventy-eight, and the 1916 expansion of 115. Kress has opened about twelve new stores, while the Kresge and McCrory chains remain practically unchanged. The increase in business has been practically all handled by the old locations. This, of course, reduced the increased overhead expenses incurred by new stores. In the eight months to August 31 the old stores of the Woolworth chain, those operating a full year, accounted for 63 per cent. of the total increase for that period. Together the four companies are now operating 1,502 stores, Woolworth being in the lead with 1,026, Kresge next with 175, McCrory, 151, and Kress, 150. "The companies have surmounted one of their highest obstacles this year by substituting American-made goods for merchandise formerly imported. In peace Most of were brought across the water. it, such as ornaments, hardware, and toys, came from the Central Powers, while France sent laces, china and pottery came from Japan, and sundry articles from England. Based on the estimated sales of the four companies for 1918, approximately $35,000,000 worth of goods of American manufacture is needed to take the place of imports. According to officials of the various companies the American workman is making good. While these domestic products cost a little more, the quality is said to make up for the higher price. "It is mainly for this reason that it is difficult to make an accurate estimate of net earnings, as was possible in former years. In 1917, the price of Americanmade goods, along with the increased cost of labor, reduced the profits of the Woolworth chain from 10 per cent. to 91⁄2 per cent. The shortage of ocean tonnage has resulted in no shipments being received from England, France, and Japan this year, and this situation will undoubtedly have a deterrent effect on profits. However, sales are going ahead at such a rate that economies in operations will surely result and this should be favorably reflected in net earnings. The fact that the business is on a strictly cash basis has much to do with the success of the companies, along with the fact that capital is turned over from five to seven times a year. That the companies are in a good financial position is evidenced by the fact that in 1917, a period of borrowing by most industrial companies, none of the fiveand ten-cent chains had to ask bank loans." STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of SS. Before me, a Notary Public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared Wm. Neisel, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the Secretary of the Funk & Wagnalls Company, Publishers of THE LITERARY DIGEST, and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the foresaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher, Funk & Wagnalls Co., 354 4th Av., N.Y.City. Editor, Wm. S. Woods, 354 4th Av., New York City. Managing Editor, Wm. S. Woods, 354 4th Av., New York City. Business Managers, The Board of Directors of Funk & Funk & Wagnalls Co., 354 4th Av., New York City. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent, or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona-fide owner: and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. WILLIAM NEISEL, Secretary of FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publisher and Owner. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 18th day of September, 1918. (Seal) Rollo Campbell, Notary Public. (My commission expires March 30, 1920.) ard President Wilson thrilled by The U. S. Government's Own Second Official War Feature HE audience at the first THE showing of "America's Answer" at the Belasco Theater in Washington included President and Mrs. Wilson, and the greater part of our "fighting Cabinet." They saw a huge American transport with 17,000 troops aboard-convoyed by the U. S. Navy-American forces disembarking on newly completed American docks in France. They saw row after row of American cannon -miles upon miles of American soldiers marching to the front-our boys hauling great guns into action, while fatherless French children waved them on to victory. As one woman in the audience expressed it, "If they only would stop long enough for one to scan the faces, I feel sure that I would see my boy." Presented by COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION, George Creel, Chairman Classified Columns PATENTS AND ATTORNEYS PROTECT YOUR INVENTIONS. I help J. REANEY KELLY MISCELLANEOUS CASH.-Send by mail or express any dis- F 432 Wood Street, CASH for diamonds, old gold, silver, plati- WANTED immediately.-Men-Women, 18 ENCLOSED FIND CHECK FOR A MINIATURE of the soldier boy on Pari- The United States In the Twentieth Century Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York THE LEXICOGRAPHER'S EASY CHAIR In this column, to decide questions concerning the current use of words, the Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary is consulted as arbiter. Readers will please bear in mind that no notice will be taken of anonymous communications. "G. A. M.," Washington, D. C.-"Please advise me of the origin of the word personnel." Personnel is derived from the French personne, through the Latin persona, "mask for actors," through per, "through," plus sonus, 'sound." "A. M. L.." Hartford, Conn.-"Please tell me if it is correct to say: He lives on Sigourney Street, or if it should be, 'He lives in Sigourney Street. On is frequently used where in would be preferable, but usage has sanctioned the use of both in Sigourney Street and on Sigourney Street. On annoyed Fitz-Greene Halleck, who once said to a friend, "Why do people persist in saying on Broadway? Might they not as well say, 'Our Father, Who art on Heaven"?" "E. Z.," Minneapolis, Minn.-" Kindly inform me which is the more correct- -He dived off the boat,' or 'He dove off the boat.' The first. Dove is a colloquial use, and therefore dived should be used-"He dived off the boat." "D. K.," Los Angeles, Cal.-"Please tell me whether two, too, or to should be used in place of the dash in the following sentence: There are three -s in the English vocabulary."" The sentence should read: "There are three words in English pronounced like the preposition to, namely, the preposition to, the adverb too, and the numeral two," but there are not three to's, nor three too's, nor three two's. "C. D.," San Francisco, Cal.-" Which is correct, who or whom, in the following: 'He pounced upon the stray man who or whom he thought was a stranger'?" If you will omit the parenthetical phrase "he thought,' you will see at a glance that who is correct" He pounced upon the stray man who (he thought) was a stranger." Travel and Resort Directory How To Get Rich -by following a plan clearly explained in "The Book of Thrift," the new guide to financial success by T. D. MACGREGOR. You can do it if you get a copy of this remarkable book and yourself adopt its plan of saving and investing. All the wisdom of genuine thrift is packed within the covers of this 350-page volume, and it is all yours for one dollar. The Book of Thrift Why and How to Save and What to Do With Your Savings Mr. MACGREGOR has been as much editor as author in that he has brought together and set down in most interesting and practical form the best results of the study, observation and practical experience of thousands of thrifty men and women. Not the least valuable of the book's twenty chapters is that containing helpful quotations from the lips of one hundred and sixty-eight successful men and women of every age and clime. Other features of the book of inestimable value are the true stories of success through systematic saving and wise investing, compound interest tables, and practical hints for saving in the home, the office, the factory and the farm. Large 12mo, Cloth. $1.00 net; by mail $1.12 FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, 354-60 FOURTH AVE., NEW YORK |