CONGESTION.

The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of employees of the collar and cuff manufacturing industry has been indicated in the preceding tables. In the following series of tables the degree of congestion and its effect upon living arrangements are more directly set forth. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 47.—Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The above table shows 3.67 persons in apartments of 3 rooms, 3.08 persons in apartments of 4 rooms, 3.65 persons in apartments of 5 rooms, 4.03 persons in apartments of 6 rooms, and 4.34 persons in apartments of 7 or more rooms. The foreign-born households show a higher average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms than do the native-born of native father, while native-born of foreign father report a higher average number of persons in apartments of 6 rooms than do the foreign-born. The foreignborn report a higher average number of persons in apartments of 7 or more rooms than do the native-born of foreign father. The totals of the above table show that households native-born of foreign father have the highest average number of persons per apartment, followed by foreign-born and native-born of native father, in the order named. Of the native-born of foreign father, the Germans report a higher average number of persons per apartment than Irish. Of the foreignborn races, it is noticeable that Armenians, Germans, and Danes show more than 4 persons per apartment, while English and Irish show less than this number.

The following table presents, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 48.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The totals of the preceding table show 385 persons per 100 apartments, 69 persons per 100 rooms, and 170 persons per 100 sleeping rooms. Households native-born of foreign father report the highest average number of persons per apartment, followed in the order named by foreign-born and native-born of native father. Foreignborn households report the highest number of persons per room, followed by native-born of foreign father, while native-born of native father show considerably smaller proportions than those just mentioned. Foreign-born also report the highest average number of persons per sleeping room, followed by the native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father in the order mentioned. Among the native-born of foreign father the Germans show a higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than the Irish. Armenians show a considerably higher average number of persons per apartment than the other races given, while English report the lowest. Armenians continue to show the highest average number of persons per room and also per sleeping room, English showing the lowest average number of persons per room and the Danes the lowest per sleeping room.

The following table presents the number of persons reported per room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 49.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The foregoing table shows the average number of persons to be 69 per 100 rooms, 21.6 per cent of households showing 1 or more persons per room, and 0.8 per cent showing 2 or more persons per room. Foreign-born households report a considerably higher percentage having 1 or more persons per room than do those nativeborn of foreign father, who in turn show a considerably higher per cent than do those native-born of native father. The foreign-born also show a small proportion of households as having 2 or more persons per room, while those native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father report no households as having 2 or more persons per room. The proportion of Armenian households reporting 1 or more persons per room is greatly in excess of that of other races given in the table. The English report a lower proportion of households having 1 or more persons per room than any of the foreign races. The English and German households alone report proportions having 2 or more persons per room.

The table following shows, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the range in the number of persons per sleeping

room.

TABLE 50.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The preceding table shows that the average number of persons per sleeping room is 1.70. Of all households, 43.9 per cent show 2 or more persons per sleeping room, 10.2 per cent show 3 or more persons per sleeping room, while 2.3 per cent show 4 or more persons per sleeping room. The foreign-born report the highest average number of persons per sleeping room, followed by the native-born of foreign father and the native-born of native father in decreasing proportions. The foreign-born also show a considerably higher percentage of households having 2 or more persons per sleeping room, the native-born of foreign father and the native-born of native father following in decreasing ratio. The native-born of native father report the highest percentage of households having 3 or more persons per sleeping room; the foreignborn follow with slightly smaller proportions, while the native-born of foreign father report a comparatively low percentage. The nativeborn of native father report the highest percentage of households having 4 or more persons per sleeping room, native-born of foreign father and foreign-born following in the order named. Of the foreign-born races, the Armenians report the highest percentage of households as having 2 or more and 3 or more persons per sleeping room, and the Danes the lowest percentage of households having 2 or more persons per sleeping room, while German and Irish households, in the order named, show the lowest percentage having 3 or more persons per sleeping room. The Irish alone report a small proportion of households having 4 or more persons per sleeping room.

The next table submitted, which is the last of the series, indicates the effect of congestion upon living conditions within the households studied. The table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly using all except each specified number of rooms to sleep in.

TABLE 51.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The above table shows the average number of rooms per household to be 5.62 and the average number of sleeping rooms per household to be 2.27. Of the total number of households, 4.5 per cent use all except 1 room and 15.5 per cent use all except 2 rooms to sleep in. Families native-born of foreign father report a higher average number of rooms per household than either those native-born of native father or those foreign-born, which follow in the order named. The nativeborn of foreign father also report the highest average number of sleeping rooms per household, followed by the foreign-born and the nativeborn of native father. The foreign-born report a slightly higher percentage of households using all except one room to sleep in than do those native-born of foreign father, while those native-born of native father show a considerably lower percentage of households using all except 1 room to sleep in than either of the two mentioned above. The native-born of native father report the highest percentage of households using all except 2 rooms to sleep in. The foreign-born follow with an only slightly smaller percentage, while the native-born of foreign father show somewhat smaller proportions than do the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born races, the Armenians report by far the highest percentage using all except 1 room to sleep in, English and German households report smaller proportions when contrasted with Armenians, while Danish and Irish report no households using all except 1 room to sleep in. Armenians report the highest percentage using all except 2 rooms to sleep in, the Irish also showing a comparatively high percentage, and the Germans the smallest proportion of households which use all except 2 rooms to sleep in.