foreign-born and native-born of foreign father in the order mentioned, with slightly smaller per cent in each instance. Of the foreign-born races, Irish report the highest percentage who worked twelve months and Germans the lowest. English report 100 per cent of their number as working nine months or over, while Armenians show only 65.6 per cent working for the same period of time. English and Germans with the same percentage show the greatest proportion working six months or over, and Armenians the lowest. All of the races of the foreign-born given in the table, except Armenians, worked three months or over, this race showing 96.9 per cent who worked for this period of time.

The following table shows months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 37.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 134 females shown in the above table, 61.9 per cent worked twelve months, 92.5 per cent worked nine months or over, 95.5 per cent six months or over, and 100 per cent worked three months or over during the past year.

The females who are native-born of foreign father show the highest per cent who worked twelve months and nine months or over, followed by those of foreign birth and those who are native-born whites of native father. Those who are native-born of foreign father also show the highest per cent who worked six months or over during the past year, followed, in the order named, by the native-born whites of native father and those of foreign birth. In each nativity group 100 per cent of the females worked three months or over during the past year.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The smallness of the extent to which employees are members of labor organizations is exhibited by the table next presented, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied 21 years of age or over who are working for wages.

TABLE 38.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of 236 males reporting complete data, 5.1 per cent are affiliated with trade unions. Native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage of their number affiliated with trade unions, followed by the groups classed as foreign-born and native-born of native father in the order mentioned, the latter showing only very small proportions. Among the foreign-born, Armenians report the highest proportion affiliated with trade unions, followed by Germans.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied—Congestion-[Text Tables 39 to 51 ̊and General Tables 20 to 31].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The rent payments of the households whose heads are employed in the manufacture of collars and cuffs are significant in their bearing upon standards of living, chiefly because of the congestion within the households of certain races, due to crowding the apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent. The table first presented in this connection shows, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the average monthly rent paid per apartment, per room, and per person.

TABLE 39.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The foregoing table shows the average rent per month per apartment to be $11.26, the rent per room $2.04, while the average rent per person is $2.97. Persons native-born of native father report a slightly higher average rent per apartment per month than do persons native-born of foreign father, foreign-born showing a considerably smaller monthly rental than either of those just mentioned.

Persons native-born of native father also report the highest monthly rental per room, followed by foreign-born and native-born of foreign father, in the order named. Native-born of native father show a considerably higher rent per person per month than either nativeborn of foreign father or foreign-born, who follow as named. Of the group classed as native-born of foreign father, Germans report a higher average rental per apartment, per room, and per person than do the Irish. Of the foreign-born races, Germans show the highest monthly rental per apartment and Armenians the lowest. Germans also show the highest average rent per room per month and Armenians the lowest, while Irish and English show the highest average rent per person per month and Armenians the lowest.

The range in monthly rents for apartments is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment:

TABLE 40.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The total number of households in the greater proportion of cases pay less than $12.50 per month per apartment. A relatively large proportion, 32.4 per cent, of the households pay less than $10 a month per apartment. As a rule, the foreign-born have the largest proportion of households paying less than each specified amount, 75.5 per cent paying under $12.50, consequently the relatively low rent per apartment is more general among the foreign-born than any other class. The greater proportion of the Armenian households pay under $10 a month per apartment; 35.5 per cent pay less than $7.50. The remaining races in the greater proportion of cases pay under $12.50 per month per apartment.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per room.