The preceding table shows that of the total number of persons for whom information was secured, 43.4 per cent were males and 56.6 were females. Native-born of native father show the highest percentage of males, followed by foreign-born and native-born of foreign father in the order mentioned. Native-born of foreign father report the highest percentage of females, closely followed by the foreign-born, while the native-born of native father report a somewhat lower percentage than do the foreign-born. Of the nativeborn of foreign father, Germans report the highest percentage of males and Irish the highest percentage of females. Danish show the highest percentage of males of the foreign races, while Germans · show the highest percentage of females.

The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the persons in the households studied, for whom detailed information was secured:

TABLE 6.—Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

The preceding table shows detailed information secured from 1,017 persons in the collar and cuff industry, 441 of whom were males and 576 females. Persons native-born of native father show the highest percentage of the total from whom information was secured, followed by native-born of foreign father and foreign-born in the order named. Native-born of native father show a higher percentage of both males and females than do persons native-born of foreign father, and foreign-born report a higher percentage of males than do native-born of foreign father, the latter showing the higher percentage of females than the former.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The number and per cent of employees of each race for whom information was secured, are shown according to sex in the table next submitted:

TABLE 7.-Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time-Reasons for employing immigrants-Method of securing immigrant labor-Progress of immigrants-Discrimination-[Text Tables 8 to 12 and General Tables 4 and 5].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

Data showing in detail the history of. immigration to the shirt, collar, and cuff making industry is, unfortunately, unavailable. The returns of the United States Bureau of the Census show, however, the general racial composition of the working force at certain periods. From the census figures it is possible to determine the movement of immigration to the industry.

The following table classifies the employees of the collar and cuff manufacturing industry, according to country of birth, in 1880:

TABLE 8.-Number of collar and cuff workers in the United States, by country of birth,

In the country 11,823 persons Of these, 9,098

The census of 1880 fails to give figures by States. as a whole there were, at the date of the census, employed in the manufacture of collars and cuffs. were native-born. Among the foreign-born employees persons born in Ireland had by far the largest representation, with natives of Germany in second place. Persons of British, Canadian, and Scandinavian birth were present in smaller numbers, and 506 workers were reported under the caption "other countries." It is clear from the table that, in 1880, the proportion of southern and eastern European workers employed in the industry must have been small.

In the following table the employees of the industry in 1890 are classified according to general nativity and country of birth:

TABLE 9.-Number of collar and cuff workers in the United States and in New York State, by general nativity and country of birth, 1890. [Compiled from United States Census Report, Occupations, 1890.]

In the above table data are presented for the United States as a whole and for the State of New York as well. It will be noted that the classification is somewhat more complete than that of the preceding census, native-born white employees being classified according to parentage. There were, in 1890, 8,627 collar and cuff workers in the State of New York and 20,532 in the entire country. Of the employees reported, 2,498 of those in the State of New York and 6,679 of those in the United States were native whites of native parents; 4,469 of those in New York and 8,870 of those in the United States were native whites of foreign parents; and 1,643 of those in New York and 4,983 of those in the United States were foreign-born whites. There were 17 colored workers in New York out of a total of 575 in the United States.

Among the foreign-born employees those of Irish nativity had by far the largest representation both in New York and the United States. In New York natives of Great Britain occupied second place, and natives of Germany third place, but in the United States as a whole there were many more natives of Germany than of Great Britain. There were 494 persons born in countries not specified in New York and 2,341 in the entire United States.

The next table presented is compiled from the returns of the census of 1900.

TABLE 10.-Number of collar and cuff workers in the United States and in New York State, by general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900. [Compiled from United States Census Report, Occupations, 1900.]