of the reporting period are equal to unfilled orders at the beginning of the period plus net new orders received less net sales.

While both new orders and unfilled orders are used in reviewing individual company reports for consistency, only unfilled orders are estimated directly in the tabulated totals. New orders are derived from the shipments plus net change in unfilled orders for each industry category.

P 93-106. Manufacturing corporations-sales, profits, and stockholders' equity, 1947-1970.

Source: U.S. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President, January 1972, table B-74.

Data are from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The annual figures presented here appear originally in the Federal Trade Commission's Quarterly Financial Report for Manufacturing Corporations for the fourth quarter of the year.

These data are based on uniform, confidential financial statements collected from a probability sample of all enterprises which are required to file Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, and are classified as manufacturers. Included are domestic corporations organized within the United States, resident foreign corporations incorporated abroad but engaged in trade or business in the United States, associations and joint-stock companies which are taxed as corporations, and small business corporations electing to be taxed through their shareholders. Excluded are inactive corporations with no income or deductions, tax-exempt farmers' cooperatives, tax-exempt nonprofit organizations, and corporations not classified in their tax returns as manufacturers.

The first sample was drawn from Form 1120 for the taxable year 1943. A second sample was drawn for the taxable year 1949. The third sample was drawn for the taxable year 1954 and each taxable year thereafter. Each sample has been supplemented by a quarterly sample of applications for a Federal Social Security Employer's Identification Number filed with the the Social Security Administration.

The first sample was used to provide estimates for each of the quarters in calendar years 1947 to 1951, inclusive; the second sample, from third quarter 1951 to second quarter 1956, inclusive; the third sample, from second quarter 1956 to 1970. To splice the estimates based upon the first and second samples, an overlap was provided for third and fourth quarters 1951; the second and third samples, an overlap was provided for second quarter 1956. Within the third sample, an overlap was provided for each quarter in calendar year 1958 to splice the estimates based upon the 1945 and 1957 editions of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC).

The classification of a corporation has been determined, in general, on the basis of the consolidated operations of the reporting company (as opposed to the establishment). In the reports for 1947 through 1958, classification was based on the 1945 edition of the SIC manual. Beginning 1959, estimates were based on the classification of corporations within the framework of the 1957 edition. In 1963, the Enterprise Standard Industrial Classification (ESIC) was used in the classification of companies. The structure of the 1968 revision of the ESIC follows closely that of the 1967 edition of the SIC.

For further description concerning compilation of these series, see Federal Trade Commission, Quarterly Financial Report for Manufacturing Corporations. Specific information concerning significant changes and revisions is contained in the following issues of the Report: Third quarter 1953, third quarter 1956, first quarter 1959, and first quarter 1965.

P 107-112. Purchases of structures and equipment, in manufacturing industries, 1863-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Fixed Nonresidential Business Capital in the United States, 1925-1973, National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, Va., January 1974, pp. 425-427 and 437-439; and unpublished data.

Private purchases of structures and equipment for manufacturing establishments were derived from the estimates of gross private domestic investment in new industrial buildings and producers' durable equipment that are included in the gross national product estimates of the Department of Commerce. The outlays on structures and equipment were adjusted to benchmarks based on expenditures for new plant and equipment in the census of manufactures for 1939, 1947, 1954, 1958, 1963, and 1967, and the annual survey of manufactures for other years beginning with 1950 and ending with 1966. The census controls were extended through 1970 by data from plant and equipment expenditure surveys conducted jointly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (formerly Office of Business Economics) and the Securities and Exchange Commission.

The purchases of structures and of equipment were converted to constant (1958) cost by the indexes used to deflate the corresponding individual series in the gross national product.

For a more detailed discussion and for tabulations derived from these and related series, see source.

P 113-118. Depreciation (straight-line) on manufacturing structures and equipment, 1925-1970.

Source: See source for series P 107-112, pp. 7-9 and 50.

Information on the service lives of capital assets is deficient. Not enough is known either about the average service lives of the producers' durable equipment and structures that make up the stock of fixed capital, or about how the service lives of individual items depart from average. Differences in the basic physical characteristics of capital assets, variations among the practices of their owners with respect to use and retirement, technological changes and changes in demand, all make for a large dispersion of service lives and help to explain the dearth of information about them. The useful life information was drawn largely from Income Tax, Depreciation and Obsolescence, Estimated Useful Lives, and Depreciation Rates, Bulletin F, Internal Revenue Service. The actual service lives used were 85 percent of Bulletin F for equipment, and 68 percent of Bulletin F for structures. (See pages T-4 and T-5 of source for reasons behind the use of shorter service lives.)

Average service lives were estimated for each of the 20 types of equipment and 10 types of structures which are detailed in the GNP gross investment series with which the calculation starts. Average life for each type of nonfarm equipment was derived by assigning service lives as shown in Bulletin F to each of the equipment items of that type and deriving an average for the type for each year based on weights reflecting shipments of each item as shown in the censuses and annual surveys of manufactures. Altogether, Bulletin F service lives for about 180 items of equipment were used in obtaining averages for the 20 types. Average lives for farm equipment were derived from several unpublished Department of Agriculture studies.

Depreciation at constant cost has been estimated by applying information on the length of useful lives to the constant dollar purchases of structures and equipment.

Underlying the average service life of a given type of asset is a distribution of discards. For example, trucks have an average service life of 10 years, but some trucks are wrecked after a few months and others are used for 15 or 20 years. To take into account that similar assets are discarded at different ages, a pattern labeled the Winfrey S-3 distribution was introduced. It is a minor modification of the original Winfrey S-3 curve. (See Robley Winfrey, Statistical Analysis of Industrial Property Retirement, Iowa Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 125, Dec. 11, 1935.) The new pattern is a bell-shaped distribution whose mean is the average service life of the asset in question, with discards starting at 45 percent of the average life and continuing until 155 percent of the average life has been attained. In the absence of sufficient information to support any alternative course,

that service life distribution was applied uniformly to all the gross investment series to derive the gross capital stocks and related esti

mates.

P 119-122. Real net value of assets in manufacturing industries, in 1958 dollars, 1925-1970.

Source: See source for series P 107-112, pp. T-25, 286, 287, and 397. Estimates are for privately owned structures and equipment assets in manufacturing establishments (in contrast to the firm), and represent the undepreciated value remaining in past acquisitions including the purchases of Government surplus assets at original acquisition prices. The latter were derived from the estimates of gross private domestic investment in newly constructed nonresidential structures and producers' durable equipment that are included in the gross national product estimates of the Department of Commerce. The outlays on structures were adjusted to benchmarks, based mainly on expenditures for new plant construction by establishments included in the census of manufactures. Data on gross investment by manufacturing establishments from censuses and annual surveys of manufactures were used as industry totals. The asset detail was developed on the basis of unpublished Internal Revenue Service studies on lives of depreciable assets and several specialized industry studies which provided detailed information on the composition of assets in manufacturing. Purchases of equipment were converted to constant (1958) cost by the indexes used to deflate the corresponding component of the gross national product. Purchases of structures were deflated by constant cost 2, which is a closer approximation to a price index than is constant cost 1. For the composition of these costs, see table 4, pp. T-17 to T-19 of source.

Depreciation was allocated over the useful life by the doubledeclining balance method, under which twice the straight-line rate of depreciation is charged in the first year, and the same percentage rate is applied in successive years to the remaining value of the asset. (See page T-12 of source.)

For a discussion of the data and methodology of estimation of Government-owned, privately operated assets for each of the four major owning agencies-Department of Defense, Atomic Energy Commission, Maritime Administration, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration-see pages T-22 and T-23 of source.

P 123-176. Capital in manufacturing industries, in book value and in 1929 dollars (Creamer), 1879-1957.

Source: 1879-1937, Daniel Creamer, Sergei Dobrovolsky, and Israel Borenstein, Capital in Manufacturing and Mining: Its Formation and Financing, Princeton University Press, 1960, Appendix A, tables 8 and 9; 1948-1957, Daniel Creamer, Capital Expansion and Capacity in Postwar Manufacturing, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, Studies in Business Economics, No. Seventy-Two, 1961, Appendix G, tables G-1 and G-2. (Copyright.)

Estimates for 1879-1919 are based on data in various reports of the census of manufactures. For 1929-1957, the estimates are based on balance sheet data of corporations (raised to the level of all firms) published by the Internal Revenue Service (formerly Bureau of Internal Revenue) in Statistics of Income. Fixed capital includes land, buildings, and equipment (all net of depreciation). Working capital includes all other assets, other than investments in securities (chiefly cash, accounts and notes receivable, and inventories). Structures and equipment owned by the Federal Government but operated by private firms are excluded in all years. For a detailed description of data, adjustments and limitations, see Appendix A, section A, of the first

source.

Figures in 1929 dollars were derived by dividing the estimates of capital in book values, by price indexes of book values expressed in 1929 prices. The latter are the implicit indexes derived by dividing the sum of the reported book values of the 15 major industry groups

comprising all manufactures by the sum of the book values expressed in 1929 prices of the 15 major groups.

The general procedure for deflating capital is to derive a composite index of prices underlying book values of buildings, machinery and equipment, and working capital for each of the 15 major industrial groups shown here. A construction cost index weighted by volume of construction depreciated over 50 years is used to represent the changes in the book value of land and buildings. This component of the composite index is identical for all 15 groups. For machinery and equipment, a price index of general machinery and equipment is used for all 15 groups, but in each group the index is weighted by volume of machinery and equipment produced, depreciated according to length of life typical for a given industry as reported by the Internal Revenue Service in Income Tax, Depreciation and Obsolescence, Estimated Useful Lives, and Depreciation Rates, Bulletin F. Because of these changing industry weights, a different deflator for machinery and equipment is obtained for each major group. The wholesale price index of the output of a given major industry is used to deflate working capital. For derivation of the deflators for each of the 15 major groups, see Appendix A, section B, of the first source.

P 177-196. Share of total value added by manufacture accounted for by the 200 largest manufacturing companies, and by the 50 and 100 largest identical manufacturing companies, 1947-1970. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1947-1967, 1967 Census of Manufactures, vol. I, p. 9-6; 1970, Annual Survey of Manufactures, Value of Shipment Concentration Ratios, M70 (AS)-9.

Data for 1962 and 1966 are based on the annual survey of manufactures; other years on the census of manufactures.

These data reflect the activity of the largest companies in the industrial sector as a whole. A company is defined as the total of its industrial establishments, including not only its manufacturing plants but also auxiliary establishments such as warehouses and central administrative offices. Value added for all manufacturing establishments of a given company was aggregated irrespective of the industry classification of the individual establishments. The companies were then arrayed by magnitude of value added in each specified year and totals were computed for the 50, 100, 150, and 200 largest companies.

The rankings in 1947 and 1954 were based on unadjusted value added; those for later years on adjusted value added. See text for series P 10.

For series P 177-180, companies were classified in size groups in each particular year based on their size in that year. The largest companies are those which were the largest in each of the specified years. Thus, a size group, such as the top four, does not necessarily include the same companies from year to year.

For series P 181-196, the 100 largest companies in each year specified in the stub of the table were selected and their proportion of total value added by manufacture in each of the years shown in the column headings was computed. These data thus measure the changes in concentration ratios for a fixed group of companies from one year to another. In case of mergers, the larger of the two at the time of merger was considered to be the predecessor company.

P 197-204. Concentration in manufacturing, by industry group, 1901, 1947, and 1954.

Source: Series P 197, G. Warren Nutter, The Extent of Enterprise Monopoly in the United States, tables 10 and 39, copyright 1951 by The University of Chicago. Series P 198, M. A. Adelman, "The Measurement of Industrial Concentration," Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 33, November 1951, table 14 (copyright, Harvard College; based on Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Study of Monopoly Power, House of Representatives, 81st Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 14, part 2-B, pp. 1436-1456). Series P 199–200 are tabulations prepared by the Bureau of the Census from data reported in the census of manufactures. Series P 201-204, Irving Rottenberg, "New Statistics

on Companies and on Concentration in Manufacturing From the 1954 Census," Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, 1957, table 5 (copyright).

The basic source of most of the data in all columns is the census of manufactures. The concentration ratio is defined as the percent of total industry sales (or, occasionally, value added) made by the four largest sellers.

The entries for series P 197-198 represent the value added by manufacture in 4-digit SIC industries (see general note for series P 1-374) with concentration ratios of 50 or higher, as a percentage of value added by all 4-digit industries included in each 2-digit industry group (e.g., "food and kindred products" is a 2-digit group containing "meatpacking plants" and 2 other 4-digit meat industries, "creamery butter" and 5 other 4-digit dairy industries, etc.).

The figures for series P 199-204 are average concentration ratios for each 2-digit industry group, i.e., the concentration ratio of each 4-digit industry is weighted in proportion to its employment or value added, as indicated, as a proportion of total employment or total value added by the whole 2-digit group.

Series P 199-200 include all industries for the given year-452 in 1947, and 434 in 1954. Because of changes in 4-digit industry definitions, concentration ratios are not fully comparable. Series P 201204 are based on 375 comparable industries accounting for 85 percent of all value added by manufacture in 1947, and for 82 percent in 1954. The first total line is a set of weighted averages based on valueadded weights derived from the basic data for the respective years shown. Figures on the second total line (for series P 201–204) are averages of the concentration ratios shown for the 20 industry groups.

Where the change in concentration, 1947-1954, as shown in series P 199-200, is substantially different from that shown in series P 201204, the difference is due to industry redefinition and to inclusion or exclusion of industries from the census of manufactures. A striking example is in group 39, "miscellaneous manufactures" from which major group 19, "ordnance and accessories," was omitted for national security reasons.

P 205-211. Selected statistics for operating manufacturing establishments, by legal form of organization, 1939-1967.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1939, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Census of Manufactures, 1939, vol. I, p. 230; 1947–1967, 1967 Census of Manufactures, vol. I, p. 3–4.

Each establishment included in the censuses of manufactures was classified into one of the following legal forms of organization:

Corporate an establishment (other than a cooperative) owned by an organization or company legally incorporated under State laws.

Noncorporate-individual proprietorships, partnerships, cooperatives, establishments operated by estate administrators, trusteeships, receiverships, public and quasi-public organizations, and, in addition, misassignments of small establishments that were not corrected because they were not statistically significant.

Individual proprietorship—an establishment owned by one person, who may or may not actively participate in the operation of the business.

Partnership an establishment owned by two or more persons, each of whom has a financial interest in and responsibility for the business. A partner may or may not actively participate in the operation of the business.

See also text for series P 1-12.

P 212-215. Percent distribution of production workers and of value added in manufacturing establishments, by legal form of ownership, 1899-1967.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1899, Census of Manufactures: 1905, part I, p. liv; 1904 and 1909, Thirteenth Census of the United

States, 1910, Manufactures: 1909, vol. VIII, p. 135; 1914 and 1919, Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Manufactures: 1919, vol. VIII, p. 108; 1929, Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Manufactures: 1929, vol. I, p. 95; 1939, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, Manufactures: 1939, vol. I, p. 229; 1947-1967, U.S. Census of Manufactures, 1967, vol. I.

Percentages were computed from figures published in the various Bureau of the Census reports cited as sources. See also data and text for series P 205-211.

P 216-226. Consumption of energy materials, 1899-1967. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910, vol. X, p. 662; Census of Manufactures: 1963, vol. I, pp. 7-90 and 7-91; and Census of Manufactures: 1967, Special Report MC67 (S)-4, Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed, pp. 8-9. Data for fuels consumed for heat and power were converted to kilowatt-hour equivalents, the international unit of energy, and then added to the quantity of purchased electric energy. The conversion factors used for each fuel are shown in the source reports. For fuels, quantities include both fuels purchased for use as fuel and fuels made and used in the same establishment.

P 227. Coffee imported, 1860-1970.

Source: 1860-1914, see source for series P 17, pp. 8-9 and 143-144; 1915-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 292-293, cited as source for series P 231; 1930-1947, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States; 1948-1962, same agency, Quarterly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States, for those years; 1963-1970, same agency, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, Reports FT 110, FT 125, and FT 135, calendar year issues.

The data for 1860-1933 are described as net imports (general imports) minus foreign exports; for 1934-1970, they are described as imports for consumption minus foreign exports. However, on dutyfree commodities, like coffee, general imports equal imports for consumption. Data cover U.S. customs area, which includes Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.

P 228. Raw cotton used in textiles, 1860-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1860-1909, Bulletin 160, Cotton Production and Distribution, 1926, p. 49; 1910-1945, Bulletin 183, Cotton Production and Distribution, 1946, pp. 26-31; 1946–1962, Cotton Production and Distribution, annual reports; 1963-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M22P, Cotton, Man-Made Fiber Staple, and Linters, Summary for Cotton Season, various annual issues.

Data are for years ending August 31 through 1910, July 31 thereafter. Figures are in running bales, except that for 1860-1870, they are in equivalent 500-pound bales. Data exclude linters for 18601908 and include them thereafter.

P 229. Wool used in textiles, 1918-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1922-1957, Facts for Industry, Wool Consumption and Stocks, monthly issues. (Title may vary for this report.) 1958-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M 220, Consumption on the Woolen and Worsted Systems, monthly issues.

Figures relate to scoured wool plus greasy wool reduced to a scoured basis, assuming average yields varying with class, origin, grade, and whether shorn or pulled. For 1946-1970, they include raw wool consumed in woolen and worsted systems only.

For a series on apparent consumption of all wool, 1870-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 296-297, cited as source for series P 231.

P 230. Unmanufactured silk imports for consumption, 1883-1970. Source: 1883-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 294–295, cited as source for series P 231; 1930-1931, U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domes

tic Commerce, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the U.S., vol. I, for respective years; 1932, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1940, p. 732; 1933-1949, Statistical Abstract, 1950, p. 638; 1950–1955, Textile Economics Bureau, Inc., New York, Textile Organon, vol. XXXVII, No. 3, March 1966; 1955-1970, Textile Organon, March 1971.

Figures are derived by subtracting foreign exports from general imports of all types of unmanufactured silk. Spun silk is not included.

For a series on raw silk imports (excluding silk from cocoons and waste) for 1860-1914, see source for series P 17, pp. 8-9 and 153-155; and for 1870-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, cited above.

P 231. Wheat flour produced, 1860-1970.

Source: 1860-1914, see source for series P 17, pp. 8-9 and 135–139; 1915-1929, Arthur F. Burns, Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1934, pp. 299 and 339 (copyright); 1931 and 1933, Solomon Fabricant, The Output of Manufacturing Industries, 1899-1937, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1940, p. 395 (copyright; data from census of manufactures); 1935-1970, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agricultural Economic Report No. 138, Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, and Supplement for 1970.

Reported data in hundredweights were converted to barrels containing 196 pounds of flour. These estimates are based on commercial production of wheat flour reported by the Bureau of the Census. They include flour milled in bond from foreign wheat plus the estimated flour equivalent of farm wheat ground for flour or exchanged for flour for farm household use.

P 232. Refined sugar produced, 1860-1970.

Source: 1860-1914, see source for series P 17, pp. 8-9 and 139-143; 1919-1933, see Solomon Fabricant, pp. 382 and 387, cited as source for series P 231; 1934-1945, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, 1952, p. 111; 1946-1960, Agricultural Statistics, 1967, p. 83; 1961-1970, Agricultural Statistics, 1971, p. 88.

Figures represent production in cane-sugar refineries and in beetsugar factories.

P 233. Canned corn produced, 1885–1970.

Source: 1885-1908, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 300-301 and 341, cited as source for series P 231; 1909-1970, National Canners Association, Canned Food Pack Statistics, 1971-72.

A case consists of 24 No. 2 cans.

P 234. Canned tomatoes produced, 1885-1970.

Source: 1885-1898, 1900-1903, and 1905-1907, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 300–301 and 341, cited as source for series P 231. National Canners Association, 1899 and 1904, Canned Food Pack Statistics, 1969-70; 1908-1970, Canned Food Pack Statistics, 1971-72.

A case consists of 24 No. 2 cans. The figures for 1885-1907 were published in the unit case of 24 No. 3 cans. They have been converted to a unit case of 24 No. 2 cans by multiplying by 1.707. The conversion factor is taken from National Canners Association, Washington, D.C., Canned Food Pack Statistics: 1940, part 1-Vegetables, March 1941, p. 19.

Except for some of the early historical data which came from reports of the Bureau of the Census, the data have been compiled by the National Canners Association with the cooperation of State, regional, and commodity associations.

P 235. Beer produced, 1870-1970.

Source: 1870-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 292-293, cited as source for series P 231. U.S. Internal Revenue Service (formerly

Bureau of Internal Revenue), 1930-1932, unpublished data; 1933, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1936; 19341970, U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Summary Statistics, 1973, p. 41.

The unit "barrel" contains 31 wine gallons. For 1921-1933, only cereal beverages were permitted to be produced.

P 236-236a. Distilled spirits produced, 1870-1970.

Source: 1870-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 292-293, cited as source for series P 231. U.S. Internal Revenue Service (formerly Bureau of Internal Revenue), 1930-1933, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, annual issues. 1934-1970, see source for series P 235, p. 20.

The computation of taxable gallons excludes all fractional parts of a proof gallon less than one-tenth. Figures are for years ending June 30 and include data for Hawaii; beginning 1928, they also include data for Puerto Rico. Series P 236 includes industrial alcohol for all years. Series P 236a was derived by subtracting figures for industrial alcohol (i.e., tax-free withdrawals) from total distilled spirits production.

P 237-238. Fats and oils produced, 1922–1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1922-1940, Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils, annual issues; 1941-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M20J and M20K, Fats and Oils, 1970 and earlier years, summary issues (prior to 1958, series M 17-1, M 17-2, and M 28).

P 239. Manufactured tobacco and snuff products, 1870–1970.

Source: 1870-1879, see source for series P 17, pp. 14-15 and 192193; 1880-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 296-297, cited as source for series P 231; 1930–1970, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, 1952, 1957, 1962, 1967, and 1971 editions.

Primary source of the figures is the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

P 240. Cigars, 1870-1970.

Source: 1870-1879, see source for series P 17, pp. 14-15 and 189– 191; 1880-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 298-299, cited as source for series P 231. U.S. Internal Revenue Service (formerly Bureau of Internal Revenue), 1930-1939 and 1941-1949, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, various issues; 1940 and 1950-1970, Alcohol and Tobacco Summary Statistics, annual issues. For 1870-1949, figures exclude cigars weighing not more than 3 pounds per 1,000.

P 241. Cigarettes, 1870-1970.

Source: 1870-1879, see source for series P 17, pp. 14-15 and 192; 1880-1929, see Arthur F. Burns, pp. 298-299, cited as source for series P 231; 1930-1970, see source for series P 240.

Figures represent large and small cigarettes and small cigars for 1870-1949, excluding those manufactured in bonded manufacturing warehouses. For 1954-1970, small cigars are excluded.

P 242-243. Apparel products, 1927-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports, series MA23A, Annual Apparel Survey, 1970 and earlier years, summary issues.

Men's and boys' suits and separate coats represent (1) men's suits, excluding ski, slack, snow, and uniform, (2) men's tailored dress and sport coats and jackets, excluding uniform, (3) boys' tailored dress and sport coats, and (4) boys' suits, including students', cadets', and junior boys'.

Women's, misses', and juniors' dresses include both dresses sold at a unit price and those sold at a dozen-price.

P 244. Rayon and acetate yarns available, 1911-1970.

Source: 1911-1939, Textile Economics Bureau, Inc., New York, Textile Organon-Base Book of Textile Statistics, vol. XXXIII, No. 1, January 1962; 1940-1955, Textile Organon, January-February, 1971; 1956-1970, Textile Organon, March 1971. (Copyright.)

Figures represent producers' domestic shipments plus imports of yarn and exclude staple, tow, waste, and other rayon and acetate products. Data for rayon relate to manmade fibers produced by the viscose, cuprammonium, and nitrocellulosic (discontinued after 1934) processes. Rayon horsehair and straw are included in the filament yarn figures for 1952-1970 (for 1940-51, production of these items averaged just under 1 million pounds per year). Acetate means manmade fibers composed of cellulose acetate and triacetate.

For 1941-1970, figures for rayon and acetate are as actually reported by the entire industry; earlier data are estimated totals based on reports obtained from 86 percent or more of the industry, with adjustments for complete coverage in accordance with information from the census of manufactures.

P 245. Non-cellulosic yarn available, 1940–1970.

Source: See source for series P 244, 1940-1970.

Data include producers' domestic shipments plus imports of yarn and exclude staple and tow.

P 246. Finished knit cloth shipped, 1933-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports. 1933-1946, series M67C, Underwear and Allied Products: Underwear, Knit Cloth, and Knit Fabric Gloves; and Underwear and Knit Cloth for Sale; 1947-1965, series M22K, Knit Cloth for Sale; 1966-1970, series MQ22K, Shipments of Knit Cloth, summary issues.

P 247. Carpets and rugs shipped, 1899-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1899-1947, Census of Manufactures reports; 1954-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M22L and MQ22K, Carpets and Rugs, summary issues.

P 248-250. Sodium hydroxide and ammonia produced, 1899-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1899-1939, Census of Manufactures reports; thereafter, Current Industrial Reports, series M28A, Inorganic Chemicals, summary issues.

P 251. Sulfuric acid produced, 1899-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1899-1927, unpublished data; 1929-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M28A, Inorganic Chemicals, summary issues.

Figures are combined totals for sulfuric acid produced by the contact and chamber processes, including spent acid fortified in the contact plants with the simultaneous production of new acid. Production of Government-owned plants, which was large during the war period, is not included for that period; for the most part, this production was available only for military use. However, for 19541970, appreciable amounts of sulfuric acid produced in Governmentowned privately operated plants are included. Figures for 1946-1950 include estimates based on annual totals of byproduct operations of a few smelters reporting to the Bureau of Mines; the estimated data included vary from 4 percent in 1946 to 2 percent in 1950. For 1899-1939, figures are based on reports of the Census of Manufactures; they are shown in those reports on a 50° Baume basis but are here converted to 100 percent H2SO4. Beginning January 1948, figures are not strictly comparable with earlier data because of the inclusion of additional plants; however, the addition of these plants increased the production of the specified chemical by less than 3.5 percent.

P 252. Paints, varnishes, and lacquers produced, 1899-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1899-1947, Census of Manufactures, reports for various census years; 1953-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M28F, Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer, summary issues.

P 253. Superphosphates produced, 1860-1970.

Source: 1860-1954, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Statistics on Fertilizers and Liming Materials in the United States, Statistical Bulletin No. 191, p. 43, April 1957; 1955-1957, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Facts for Industry, series M19D-06 and M19D-08; 19581970, Current Industrial Reports, series M28B, Inorganic Fertilizer Materials and Related Acids, summary issues.

P 254. Light products of distillation, 1918-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, "Petroleum Statements," annual issues.

These figures relate essentially to the production of gasoline and naphtha. Figures for 1918-1927, 1929-1956, and 1962-1963 are not strictly comparable. The figure for 1929 on a basis comparable with preceding years is 438 million barrels. For 1953-1970, figures for jet fuel are excluded.

P 255. Illuminating oils (kerosene) produced, 1916-1970.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, "Petroleum Statements," annual issues.

Figures for 1916-1927, 1929-1956, and 1962-1963 are not strictly comparable. The figure for 1929 comparable with the preceding years is 55.7 million barrels. For 1953-1959, figures exclude jet fuel. Beginning 1960, data include jet fuel used in commercial aircraft; beginning 1965, they include kerosene-type jet fuels.

P 256. Fuel oils produced, 1916–1970.
Source: See source for series P 255.

Figures for 1916-1927, 1929-1956, and 1962-1963 are not strictly comparable. The figure for 1929 comparable with the preceding years is 390 million barrels. For 1953-1970, jet fuels are excluded.

P 257. Lubricating oils produced, 1916-1970.

Source: See source for series P 255.

Figures for 1916–1927 and 1929–1956 are not strictly comparable. The figure for 1929 comparable with preceding years is 37 million barrels.

P 258. Paraffin wax produced, 1916-1970.
Source: See source for series P 255.

For 1929-1956, figures are labeled petroleum wax. The basic source of these data is the Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook.

P 259. Pneumatic motor vehicle tires produced, 1914-1967. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures, reports for various census years.

P 260-261. Men's and women's shoes produced, 1899-1970.

Source: 1899-1919, see Solomon Fabricant, cited as source for series P 231; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1921-1946, Statistical Abstract of the United States, various editions, 1929-1947; 1947-1954, unpublished data; 1955-1970, Current Industrial Reports, series M31A, Shoes and Slippers, summary issues.

Figures represent pairs of leather uppers for men's and women's shoes. They do not include youths' and boys', misses', children's,