Y 849-855. Estimates of total cost of U.S. wars.

Source: U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, The Military Budget and National Economic Priorities, part I, pp. 149 and 150, 91st Congress, 1st session (statement of James L. Clayton, University of Utah, at Hearings before the Subcommittee on Economy in Government); and for series Y 853, U.S. Veterans Administration, Annual Report of Administrator of Veterans Affairs.

Details concerning individual estimates and the sources used by Professor Clayton are given in the source document.

An earlier study, Cost of U.S. Wars (typewritten form), was made by Raymond E. Manning, Senior Specialist in Taxation and Fiscal Policy, Legislative Reference Service, The Library of Congress, October 1956. This report gives details as to the period covered, the costs which are included and those excluded, and the assumptions and statistical method used for the computations for each war from the American Revolution through the Korean conflict.

Y 856-903. Selected characteristics of the Armed Forces, by war. Source: The President's Commission on Veterans Pensions, Veterans' Benefits in the United States, vol. I; Staff Report No. IV, "Veterans in our Society," House Committee Print 261, 84th Cong., 2d session; and revised estimates prepared by the Department of Defense.

The time coverage for a particular war may vary from series to series. See source for exact coverage.

The number of personnel serving in the Revolutionary War is not known, but estimates range from 184,000 to 250,000. In the War of 1812, it is estimated that 286,730 served and in the Mexican War, 78,718. In the Civil War, estimates for Confederate forces range from 600,000 to 1,500,000.

Y 904-916. Military personnel on active duty, 1789-1970.

Source: U.S. Department of Defense, reports and unpublished data. Primary sources of Army data are as follows: 1789, 1794, and 1795, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 1 (except for officers, 1789, Thomas H. S. Hamersly, Complete Regular Army Register of the United States for One Hundred Years (1779-1879), Washington, D.C., 1880); 1801-1821, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 2; 1822-1939, War Department Annual Reports (except as follows: Regular Army, 1847 and 1866, Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, vol. 2, Washington, D.C., 1903; Army Nurse Corps, 1920, Army field clerks, 1917, and Quartermaster Corps field clerks, 1917 and 1918, Special Report 196, Revised, Statistics Branch, War Department, General Staff, 1927; 1919 and 1920, Quartermaster Corps field clerks, Regular Report 189, Statistics Branch, War Department, General Staff, 1922; 1940-1957, Office of The Adjutant General, Strength of the Army, monthly reports. For data on U.S. Military Academy cadets, 1802-1821, American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 2; 1822-1920, Official Register of the Officers and Cadets at the United States Military Academy (except as follows: 1871, 1910, 1913, 1915, 1917, and 1918, War Department Annual Reports); 1921–1941, War Department Annual Reports; 1942– 1970, Strength of the Army, monthly reports.

Some of the figures for the Navy and Marine Corps appear in the following sources: Gordon R. Young (ed.), Army Almanac, Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1959; Bureau of Navy Personnel, Navy and Marine Corps, Military Personnel Statistics, June and December 1956; Navy Department, Bureau of Personnel, Progress Report, March 1948.

Officers include warrant officers, flight officers, nurses, medical specialists, and field clerks. Enlisted personnel include U.S. Military Academy cadets, U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen, U.S. Air Force Academy cadets, and other officer candidates.

Army data (series Y 905-907) begin with 1789, the year in which the Department of War (now Department of the Army) was established. Although a "regular" Army has existed continuously from that time, the total strengths cannot be documented from available records, nor can reliable estimates be made for 1790-1793 and 17961800. Beginning 1861, the data include all military personnel on extended active duty with the Army (Regulars, volunteers, militia, inductees, Reserves, National Guardsmen, and reactivated retired Regular personnel) and U.S. Military Academy cadets. Data prior to 1861 are for Regular Army and cadets only, except for 1836-1840 (Seminole Indian War) and 1846-1848 (Mexican War). Source documents for other years do not contain adequate strength statistics on nonregular personnel called out during the War of 1812 or for short periods of service during the numerous Indian disturbances. For most years prior to 1878, data were compiled from the latest returns received; some of the reports used, especially those from the frontier garrisons, were weeks or months in transit.

The Army figures include the Army Nurse Corps beginning 1898; Army field clerks and field clerks in the Quartermaster Corps for 1917-1925; warrant officers beginning 1919; flight officers for 19431947; and the Women's Army Corps (formerly the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps) and the Women's Medical Specialist Corps (later redesignated the Army Medical Specialist Corps), beginning 1943. All data for these categories are as of June 30, except the 1898 figure for the Army Nurse Corps which is as of September 15.

The Army Nurse Corps became a part of the permanent Army military establishment in 1901. It traces its origin, however, to 1898, when authority was received to employ by contract as many nurses as needed during the war with Spain. For this reason, data on nurses have been included for 1898-1900.

The positions of Array field clerks and field clerks in the Quartermaster Corps were created by Act of Congress, August 29, 1916. Field clerks of both classes were subject to the rules and articles of war, and had the status of officers, although not commissioned officers. By Act of Congress, April 27, 1926, the Secretary of War was authorized and directed to appoint as warrant officers all field clerks then in active service.

The Army figures for 1908-1947 include strength of the Army Air Force and predecessor agencies. Those beginning with 1948 consist of military personnel under the command of the Army only, resulting from the establishment of the Department of the Air Force as an executive department by the National Security Act of 1947. Data for 1948 and 1949 include a small number of Department of the Air Force military personnel assigned for duty with Army commands, and data for 1948-1955 exclude a larger number of Department of the Army military personnel assigned for duty with Air Force commands.

Navy data for 1794, 1795, and 1798 are an approximation of the "on board" personnel authorized by Congress in conjunction with the construction of six frigates to reconstitute a Navy which had existed for 1775-1785 under the Continental Congress. A separate Navy Department was authorized and organized in 1798. Since the crews usually were obligated, during the early years of the Navy, for only a specific sailing or mission, rather than a continuous tour of duty, the strengths shown are more in the nature of averages and are therefore noted as estimated. Data exclude an unknown number of Naval Militia, supplied by the States, who served during the War of

1812, the Mexican War, and the Spanish-American War. Since 1916, naval reservist and retired personnel on extended active duty have been included.

The Marine Corps was founded in 1775 by the Continental Congress and served during the Revolutionary War, but ceased to exist in 1783. It was reactivated in 1794 when Congress authorized the building of the six frigates and a small number of marines were used as guards. The data in series Y 914-916 begin with 1798, since reliable estimates are not available for prior years. Since 1917, reservist and retired personnel on active duty have been included.

Y 917-926. Classification of selective service registrants, 1940-1970.

Source: U.S. Selective Service System. Series 917, 1940, Selective Service in Peacetime, Appendix 20. Series 917-925, 1941-1947, Summary Reports of Classification, Continental United States, March 31, 1941-April 1, 1947, vol. 1, parts 1-3; 1948-1950, Statistics and Special Reports Digests, September 1948-September 1951, U.S. Summary, vol. 1, part E; 1951-1952, Statistics-Periodic Reports of Classifications, U.S. and State Summaries, October 1951-February 1956, vol. II, part B, section 1, Regular Registrants; 1953-1970, compiled from Selective Service System Form 116. Series 926, 1940-1945, Quotas, Calls, and Inductions, Special Monograph No. 12, vol. II, Appendices F-H; 1946-1947, unpublished data; 1948-1970, compiled from Selective Service Form 262.

The Selective Service System is responsible for the registration, examination, classification, selection, and delivery for induction into the Armed Forces of all men required by law to register, or, in lieu of induction, for ordering them to perform civilian work. The law also provides exemptions or deferments from service for many persons for reasons of previous service, essential occupation, family dependency, etc.

The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which became law on September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription law in U.S. history. The classification system under that Act provided for classification of registrants into four main groups in the order of their being called into the Armed Forces: Class I, persons available for training and service after the physical examination; Class II, persons available for training and service but temporarily deferred as necessary in defense industries for varying periods up to six months; Class III, persons who had dependents requiring their support; and Class IV, persons who were exempted from training and service by statute, or were nondeclarant aliens, or had completed military service (up to Pearl Harbor), or conscientious objectors against both combatant and noncombatant service, or who were physically, mentally, or morally unfit for service. Within these main classes there were certain subdivisions which indicated more specifically the status of the registrants.

For details concerning changes over time in legislation, classification, registration regulations, etc., see the annual and semiannual reports of the Director of the Selective Service System and the System's series of special monographs. A list of monographs covering the early years appears on the inside front cover of Quotas, Calls, and Inductions, cited in the source note.

Y 943-956. Estimated number of veterans in civil life, by age, 18651970.

Source: U.S. Veterans Administration, reports and unpublished data.

Age distribution for veterans of World War I, Spanish-American War, Civil War, Mexican War, and War of 1812 were obtained by procedures used in estimating the number of living veterans in civil life, as described in the text for series Y 957-970. The ages for veterans of Indian wars and Regular Establishment (peacetime service) were obtained from records of the Veterans Administration and predecessor agencies. Age distribution for Regular Establishment veterans is not included after 1965.

The ages of World War II veterans included in the total for 1945 were based on the ages of those veterans on the Veterans Administration disability compensation rolls on June 30, 1945. The estimated number of veterans by age, for 1950 and thereafter, were derived by the application of appropriate survival rates to the male and female components of the potential World War II veteran population as of July 25, 1947. In this particular case, the potential World War II veteran population is defined as: (a) The estimated number of men and women who had served in World War II and who had returned to civil life prior to July 25, 1947, and (b) those still in the service as of July 25, 1947. The age distribution of this population was derived from the Veterans Administration's sample of approximately 1 percent of the records of the men and women separated from the Armed Forces between September 16, 1940, and July 25, 1947, and from estimates provided by the Armed Forces for World War II participants who were still in service on the latter date.

The ages of Korean conflict veterans included for 1955 and thereafter were derived from the Veterans Administration's sample of approximately 1 percent of Department of Defense records for persons returning to civil life between June 27, 1950, and June 30, 1970.

The ages of veterans who served between the end of the Korean conflict and the inception of the Vietnam era included in 1966 and thereafter were derived from the Veterans Administration's sample of approximately 1 percent of Department of Defense records for persons returning to civil life in the period February 1, 1955, through August 4, 1964.

The ages of veterans who served in the Vietnam era included in 1966 and thereafter were derived from the Veterans Administration's sample of approximately 1 percent of Department of Defense records for persons returning to civil life between August 4, 1964, and June 30, 1970.

Y 957-970.

Estimated number of veterans in civil life, by period of service, 1865-1970.

Source: U.S. Veterans Administration, reports and unpublished data.

The estimates for the War of 1812 were derived by a backward chain computation involving the application of appropriate survival rates to the age distribution of the 165 living veterans of this war on the pension rolls in 1892. It was assumed that all living veterans of the War of 1812 were on the pension rolls after 1873.

Estimates for the Mexican War were computed by applying appropriate survival rates to the age distribution of the 2,195 living Mexican War veterans on the pension rolls in 1907. For 1890 and later years, the estimates were based on the assumption that 90 percent of the living Mexican War veterans were on the pension rolls. Estimates for years prior to 1890 were based on a backward chain computation.

Estimates for the Indian wars include only veterans on pension rolls of the Veterans Administration or predecessor agencies.

The Civil War estimate for 1865 was based on Armed Forces data. Estimates for years after 1865 were computed from actuarial projections, based on the American Experience Mortality Table, 1868, applied to the age distribution of one million Civil War participants included in Surgeon General, The Medical Department of the U.S. Army

in the World War, vol. XV, Statistics, part I, 1921. The totals so obtained were modified by the assumptions that 75 percent of the living Civil War veterans were on the pension rolls in 1900-1915 and that practically all living Civil War veterans were on the rolls in 1920 and later years. The estimates pertain to Union forces only. For the Spanish-American War, estimates for 1905 and later years were computed by application of appropriate survival rates to the 1902 age distribution of Spanish-American War participants (not shown here). For 1900, the estimate is based on total participants, inservice deaths, and discharges to civil life.

Estimates for World War I were computed by applying appropriate survival rates to the 1918 distribution of World War I participants by year of age based on records of 3.7 million War Risk Insurance applications (The Medical Department of the U.S. Army..., cited above).

For World War II, the Korean conflict, the Vietnam era, and service between the Korean conflict and Vietnam era, the estimates were derived from Armed Forces data on the number of persons returned to civil life less Veterans Administration estimates of deaths and less the number who reenlisted from civil life.

Data on the Regular Establishment include only former members of the peacetime forces receiving disability compensation or pension from the Veterans Administration or predecessor agencies.

The following periods are covered by the specified wars for determining veterans status:

War of 1812-June 18, 1812, through February 17, 1815
Mexican War April 25, 1846, through May 30, 1848
Civil War-April 12, 1861, through April 13, 1865
Indian wars-1817 through 1898 (approximately)
Spanish-American War-April 21, 1898, through July 4, 1902
(includes the war with Spain, Boxer Rebellion, and Philippine
Insurrection. For persons serving in the Moro Province, hostili-
ties ended July 15, 1903)

World War I-April 6, 1917, through November 11, 1918

(for persons serving in Russia, the war ended April 1, 1920) World War II-September 16, 1940, through July 25, 1947 Korean conflict-June 27, 1950, through January 31, 1955 Service between Korean conflict and Vietnam era-February 1, 1955, through August 4, 1964

Vietnam era-service after August 4, 1964

Y 971-983. Expenditures of Veterans Administration and predecessor agencies from appropriated funds, by period of service, 1790-1970. Source: U.S. Veterans Administration. Original data are taken from annual reports of the Administrator of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Bureau, Bureau of Pensions, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, and records of the Veterans Administration.

The data pertain to expenditures from appropriated funds (see text for series Y 984-997) for veterans and their dependents through June 30, 1970. Thus, they include expenditures for pensions since 1790 and for care in the National Homes (now Veterans Administration domiciliaries) since 1867. Grants-in-aid for the care of veterans in State homes were first made in 1889 and are included thereafter. Expenditures on behalf of World War I veterans, made originally as allowances for the dependents of enlisted men in the Armed Forces, compensation for death and disability, medical care and treatment, vocational rehabilitation and training, and insurance against death or permanent disability, are included since October 1917. Subsequent adjustments of benefits for World War I veterans and for veterans of the earlier wars (e.g., extension of hospital benefits) are reflected in the ensuing years. Expenditures for World War II veterans began in 1941, and for veterans of the Korean conflict in 1951. Trust and working fund expenditures (e.g., the U.S. Government Life and National Service Life Insurance Trust Funds, the Adjusted Service Certificate Trust Fund, and the General Post Fund) are excluded; transfers from appropriations to the insurance trust funds, however, are included. Also excluded are expenditures made by

other Federal and State agencies (e.g., unemployment compensation paid to Korean conflict veterans by the Department of Labor, expenditures for retirement pay by the Department of Defense, and bonus payments made by State governments).

Of the $174.8 billion in total expenditures through 1970, $139.0 billion (79 percent) was directly allocated by war. The distribution of the remaining expenditures was estimated. Therefore, the figures are subject to a varying and unknown degree of error. For example, variations in average hospital costs between wars, or unusual administrative workloads are not reflected in the distribution factors used.

Y 984-997. Expenditures for veterans benefits and services by Veterans Administration and predecessor agencies, 1790-1970. Source: U.S. Veterans Administration, Annual Report of the Administrator of Veterans Affairs, various issues, and unpublished data. Data are based on checks paid through December 31, 1947, and on vouchers approved for payment thereafter. The data are gross, since they include expenditures made from amounts earned (in the form of reimbursements) by the various accounts. Expenditures from revolving funds are also gross, i.e., receipts have not been netted out of these funds except in minor instances noted elsewhere. Accordingly, these data do not agree with those reported in the statements of the Treasury Department and the Bureau of the Budget. Y 984, total expenditures. This series measures the gross cost of benefits and services (including capital expenditures and administrative costs) provided veterans and their beneficiaries, irrespective of the source of funds. Included are expenditures from general and special funds appropriated by the Congress, revolving and management funds authorized to finance a continuing cycle of operations using receipts derived from these operations, and trust funds held by the Government for the benefit of veterans and their beneficiaries. Transfers from appropriations to insurance trust funds, from which the actual expenditures are made, are not included in the total, in order to avoid duplication. Expenditures from the Veterans Administration Revolving Supply Fund, established July 1, 1954, also are excluded from the total, since these amounts generally duplicate expenditures made by Veterans Administration administrative appropriations for supplies, equipment, and certain services procured through the fund.

Y 985, compensation and pensions. Data represent total expenditures less refund of overpayments.

Y 986, insurance and servicemen's indemnities. Data include direct payments to beneficiaries from insurance appropriations, servicemen's indemnities, and benefits and dividends paid from insurance trust funds. Some noncash transactions (e.g., interest credited to dividends left on deposit) also are included as expenditures from the trust funds. Transfers from appropriations to the insurance trust funds, from which the benefit payments are made, are not included in these amounts. Beginning fiscal year 1949, the reporting of expenditures from the U.S. Government Life Insurance and National Service Life Insurance trust funds was changed from a net to a gross basis. This resulted in an understatement in varying amounts for prior years. The cumulative differences for the prior years between the net figures and what the figures would have been on a gross basis have been added in a lump sum to the 1948 figures. This adjustment amounted to $295,651,000.

Y 987, education and training. This series includes subsistence allowances, tuition, supplies, and equipment of veterans training under Public Law 346, education and training allowances to veterans training under Public Law 550, veterans and servicemen training under Public Law 89-358, and educational assistance for dependents and survivors of totally disabled or deceased veterans under Public Laws 634, 88-361, and 90-631.

Y 988, vocational rehabilitation. Data include subsistence allowances, tuition, supplies, and equipment of veterans training under Public Laws 16, 894, and 87-815, and vocational rehabilitation allowances for World War I veterans.