CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied--Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied-Weekly earnings-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over, in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers Sources of family income-Relative importance of the different sources of family income-[Text Tables 13 to 35 and General Tables 6 to 18].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In order that a comparison may be made of the condition of operatives in the collar and cuff industry in this country with their condition while abroad, it is necessary to point out their general industrial status and the principal occupations followed by them before emigrating from their native countries. This is done in the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 13.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States, of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The foregoing table shows that 8.2 per cent of the males reporting were without occupation before coming to the United States, 57.5 per cent were working for wages, 8.2 per cent were working without wages, and 26 per cent were working for profit.

The following table analyzes the preceding table into the principal occupations followed before coming to the United States by foreignborn males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or

over at time of coming to this country. The presentation is by race of individual.

TABLE 14.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the total number of males shown in the above table, 13.7 per cent were farm laborers, 9.6 per cent were in hand trades, 1.4 per cent were general laborers, and 32.9 per cent were in other occupations, before coming to the United States; 6.8 per cent were working without wages as farm laborers and 1.4 per cent were in other occupations; 5.5 per cent were farming for themselves and 20.5 per cent were working for profit in other occupations. Only 8.2 per cent were without occupation.

The following table shows by race of individual the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 15.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born femal who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the total number of females reporting their industrial condition before coming to the United States, 73.7 per cent were without occupation, and 26.3 per cent were working for wages.

The table next presented shows by race of individual the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in

the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 16.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that 73.7 per cent of the total number of females reporting were without occupation before coming to the United States, 12.6 per cent were in domestic service and 13.7 per cent were in other occupations. None were working without wages and none were working for profit.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table next presented shows by race the number of foreign-born male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States. It will be seen that of the total number reporting, only one had been engaged in the collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing industry prior to arrival in this country.

TABLE 17.-Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race.

The following table shows, by race, the number of foreign-born female employees who were in each specified occupation before coming

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to the United States. Of the total number reporting, it is seen that as in the case of the males, only one of the female employees had been engaged in the collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing industry before coming to this country.

TABLE 18.-Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the United States, by race.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In contrast with the preceding tabulations, the series of tables next presented exhibit the industrial condition of employees and members of their households in this country. The table first submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 19.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The totals of the above table show that 79.1 per cent of males reporting are in the collar and cuff industry, 16.1 per cent are otherwise employed, while 2.1 per cent are at home and 2.7 per cent are at school. Foreign-born report a considerably higher percentage in the collar and cuff industry than native-born of native father or native-born of foreign father, who follow in the order mentioned. Native-born of native father show the greatest proportion at home, closely followed by foreign-born, while native-born of foreign father show no males at home. Foreign-born show the highest percentage at school, closely followed by native-born of foreign father, while native-born of native father show considerably smaller proportions. Of the foreign-born races, Germans report 100 per cent in the collar and cuff industry, followed by English and Irish in somewhat smaller proportions, while Armenians show a considerably smaller percentage than the races just mentioned. Irish alone show a percentage at home and Armenians 11.4 per cent at school.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next presented the general occupation of females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over, is shown according to general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 20.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number reporting

Per cent

General nativity and race of individual. complete In collars. In domes- Other

data. cuffs, and

shirts.

tic service.

wise em- At home. At school. ployed.

Of 415 females shown in the above table, 48 per cent are employees in the collar and cuff industry, 44.6 per cent are at home, 2.2 per cent are at school, 0.2 per cent are in domestic service, and 5.1 per cent are otherwise employed. The females of foreign birth show the highest percentage in the collar and cuff industry, followed by those who are native-born of foreign father and those who are native whites born of native father, in the order named. The females who are native whites born of native father show the highest percentage at home, and those who are native-born of foreign father the highest percentage at school. The females of foreign birth show a small proportion in domestic service, but no females in the other two