A total proportion of 19.5 per cent of the females had worked for wages before coming to the United States, 9.3 per cent in the clothing industry, and 6.2 per cent in domestic service.

The greater proportions of the South Italians and Hebrews who had worked for wages had been in the clothing industry. Of the Bohemians and Moravians 27.9 per cent had worked for wages, 20.6 per cent having been in domestic service. Ten and eight-tenths per cent of the females had worked without wages, 10 per cent having been farm laborers. One and six-tenths per cent had worked for profit, 1.1 per cent, all of whom were Hebrews, having been in the clothing industry.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table next presented shows the per cent of foreign-born male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 18.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that 62.5 per cent of the 6,219 males reporting complete data were engaged in the manufacture of clothing before coming to the United States, 13 per cent were in trade, 8.1 per cent were farming or farm laborers, 7.2 per cent were in hand trades while small proportions were in other occupations and other manufacturing. Germans show the highest per cent who were engaged in the manufacture of clothing before coming to this country, while no races show less than 50 per cent who were engaged in this pursuit. Lithuanians and Poles show the highest per cent who were farming or farm laborers and Russian Hebrews, Magyars, and Hebrews other than Russian the highest per cent who were in trade.

The following table shows by race of individual the per cent of foreign-born female employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 19.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

The preceding table shows 75.6 per cent of the females studied were engaged in sewing, embroidering, and lace making before coming to the United States, 10.8 per cent were farmers or farm laborers, 4.9 per cent were in trade, 4.1 per cent were in domestic service, while small proportions were in other occupations or in other manufacturing. Russian Hebrews, Hebrews other than Russian, North Italians, and South Italians show between 80 and 90 per cent who were engaged in sewing, embroidering, lace making, etc., before coming to this country. Lithuanians show the smallest proportion of females engaged in this pursuit and also the highest per cent who were farming or farm laborers. Russian Hebrews show no females who were farmers or farm laborers, but the highest per cent who were engaged in trade.

The extent of the training and experience while abroad of the immigrant operatives for the work in which they are engaged in this country is set forth in the following table, which shows by locality and by race of individual the per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in the manufacture of clothing before coming to the United States:

TABLE 20.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in the manufacture of clothing before coming to the United States, by locality and by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.}

Of the male employees employed in the entire clothing industry 62.5 per cent were engaged in the manufacture of clothing before coming to this country. Of those reporting from New York City 64.4 per cent were employed in the manufacturing of clothing abroad, while of those who are now employed in Baltimore 55.7 per cent were employed in the manufacture of clothing before coming to this country. Among those reporting from Chicago, the South Italians show the largest majority, followed by the Lithuanians, Russian Hebrews, and Russians, in the order named. Among those reporting from New York City, the South Italians show the largest proportion, which is in excess of 66 per cent, and are followed by the Russian Hebrews and the Russians. The Hebrews other than Russian and the Lithuanians each show proportions smaller than 60 per cent.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next presented the general occupation of males who were 16 years of age or over in the households studied is shown according to general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 21.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of a total of 1,330 males reporting complete data in the above table, by far the largest proportion, or 83.5 per cent, are employed in the manufacture of clothing, 13.5 per cent being otherwise employed, 1.4 per cent at home and 1.6 per cent at school.

The foreign-born show a larger proportion employed in the manufacture of clothing, consequently a smaller proportion otherwise employed, than do the native-born of foreign father, the same relative positions being maintained as regards those who are at home and at school.

Among the foreign-born the Bohemians and Moravians, followed by the South Italians, show the largest, and the Russians, preceded by the Lithuanians, the smallest proportion who are employed in the manufacture of clothing. Each race, except the Russian, shows a certain proportion at home, and each, except the Russian, shows less than 1 per cent at school. The proportion of native-born Hebrews at school is noticeably larger than that of other races.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In contrast with the preceding tabulations, the series of tables next presented exhibits the industrial condition of immigrant employees and members of their households in this country. The first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupations of females who were 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 22.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Out of a total of 1,210 persons reporting complete data, 71.5 per cent are at home following no general occupation, 18.8 per cent are engaged in the manufacture of clothing, while 2.1 per cent are engaged in domestic service, and 1.2 per cent are at school. Comparing the foreignborn with the native-born of foreign father it is seen that a larger proportion of the latter than of the former are at school, while the proportion of foreign-born persons who are at home is almost double the proportion of native-born of foreign father. The proportion of nativeborn of foreign father who are engaged in the manufacture of clothing is greatly in excess of the proportion of foreign-born who are so engaged, being 32.3 per cent in the case of the one and 16.6 per cent for the other.

Among the foreign-born persons reporting, the South Italians show the largest proportion who are in the manufacture of clothing, the pro

portion being 24.9 per cent, as compared with 7.4 per cent for the Poles and approximately 15 per cent each for the Bohemians and Moravians, Hebrews, and Lithuanians.

The South Italians show the smallest proportion of persons engaged in domestic service, the per cent being 0.5. The Poles, with 14.8 per cent, show the largest proportion in domestic service, each of the other races showing less than 5 per cent so engaged. None of the races show more than 5 per cent who are employed in occupations other than those specified.

The South Italians show the smallest proportion of persons who are at home. Less than 1 per cent of the Hebrews and South Italians are at school, and only 1.5 per cent of the Lithuanians. The other races report zero.

THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED.

The two tables which are next submitted compare the tendency of the native-born children of foreign parents with the children of foreign birth to enter the clothing industry or to engage in other pursuits. The table which immediately follows shows, according to general nativity and race of father and birthplace of individual, the per cent of males in the households studied 16 years of age or over who were engaged in the manufacture of clothing.

TABLE 23.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of clothing, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born

The above table shows that of the male employees 16 years of age or over concerning whom information was secured over 95 per cent of the Bohemian and Moravian employees and over 90 per cent of the Hebrew employees who were born abroad are engaged in the manufacture of clothing. Only 4.4 per cent of the Bohemian and Moravian employees and 9.8 per cent of the Hebrew male employees who were born abroad are otherwise employed. The Bohemian and Moravian male employees who were born in the United States show 58.4 per cent who are engaged in the manufacture of clothing and 41.6 per cent who are otherwise employed, as contrasted with 42.9 per cent of the Hebrew male employees who were born in the United States who are engaged in the manufacture of clothing and 57.1 per cent who are otherwise employed.