can newspaper during the year, a gold medal costing $500.

(3). For the best history of the services rendered to the public by the American press during the preceding year, $1,000.

(4). For the best editorial article written during the year, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion in the right direction, $500.

(5). For the best example of a reporter's work during the year; the test being strict accuracy, terseness, the accomplishment of some public good commanding public attention and respect, $1,000.

(1). For the American novel published during the year which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of American life, and the highest standard of American manners and manhood, $1,000.

(2). For the original American play, performed in New York, which shall best represent the educational value and power of the stage in raising the standard of good morals, good taste, and good manners, $1,000.

(3). For the best book of the year upon the history of the United States, $2,000.

(4). For the best American biography teaching patriotic and unselfish service to the people, illustrated by an eminent example, excluding, as too obvious, the names of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, $1,000.

C TRAVELING SCHOLARSHIPS. The following traveling scholarships, having a value of $1,500 each, will be awarded annually as follows:

(1). On the nomination of the teaching staff of the School of Journalism three traveling scholarships to graduates of the School of Journalism, who shall have passed their examinations with the highest honor

and are otherwise most deserving, to enable each of them to spend a year in Europe, to study the social, political, and moral conditions of the people, and the character and principles of the European press.

Competition for these scholarships is not necessarily restricted to those who are graduated from the School of Journalism in the year when the award is made.

(2). An annual scholarship to the student of music in America who may be deemed the most talented and deserving, in order that he may continue his studies with the advantage of European instruction, on the nomination of a jury composed of members of the teaching staff of the Department of Music in Columbia University and of the teaching staff of the, Institute of Musical Art.

(3). An annual scholarship to an art student in America, who shall be certified as the most promising and deserving by the National Academy of Design, with which the Society of American Artists has been merged.

The Poetry Society prize of $500, which has been awarded annually at the Columbia University commencement for the best book of poetry published in the preceding calendar year, is not a regularly established prize, but has been provided annually by gift. It has not been offered for the current year.

For the purpose of encouraging historical research, the American Historical Association offers two prizes, each of $200 The Justin Winsor prize for a monograph based upon independent and original investigation in American history - a phrase including the history of the United States and other countries of the Western Hemisphere- and dealing with any aspect or phase of that history; and the Herbert Baxter Adams prize for a monograph based upon independent and original investigation in the history of the Eastern Hemisphere, dealing with any aspect or phase of that history. The Winsor prize is offered in even years and the Adams prize in odd years, and monographs must be submitted by July 1 of the given year. In the case of a printed monograph, the date of publication must fall within a period of two

years prior to July 1. In making the award the committee will consider not only research, accuracy, and originality, but also clearness of expression and logical arrangement. The successful monograph must reveal marked excellence of style, and its subject matter should afford a distinct contribution to knowledge of a sort beyond that having merely personal or local interest. The monograph must conform to the accepted canons of historical research and criticism and may, if it is deemed in all respects available, be published in the Annual Report of the Association. In that case, the manuscript - including text, notes, bibliography, appendices, etc. must not exceed 100,000 words. Manuscripts should be sent to the Secretary of the Association, 1140 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C.

committee of judges, but a contract will also be made with the author on a sliding scale of five per cent., seven and one-half per cent., and ten per cent., and Mr. Morosco will guarantee production of the play within six months of its acceptance. It is possible that other plays submitted will also be accepted for production, and the minimum royalty for such other plays will be five per cent.

Physical Culture (New York) announces its second six-months photo prize contest for 1920, beginning with the May number. For the best physical photograph, on the basis of good physique, beautiful posing, and artistic photography, the editors will award $100; in addition, they offer a five-dollar prize for the best physique photograph published each month, and two dollars each for every other photograph published.

Physical Culture (New York) offers $1,000 in two prize contests. For the three best manuscripts, limited to 3,000 words, on the subject, "What Is the Ideal Diet," prizes of $250, $150, and $100 will be given, the contest closing July 1; and for the three best letters, limited to 3,000 words, on the subject, "What I Have Learned About Bringing Up Children," prizes of $250, $159, and $100 will be awarded, the contest to close August 1.

The Schumann Club offers two prizes for compositions for women's voices: (A) $400 for the best unpublished cantata or other choral work, between ten and twenty minutes in length; and (B) $200 for the best unpublished part-song, not exceeding ten minutes in length. The competition is open to any composer, and both works must be written for three- or four-part chorus of women's voices, with piano accompaniment. The choice of text is left to the composer, although secular subjects are preferred. Compositions should be signed with a device or fictitious name and be accompanied by a sealed envelope containing (a) the com. poser's real name and address; (b) documentary proof, in the form of a release by the author of evidence of expiration of copyright, that the composer has the right to use and publish the text without further

negotiations; (c) a release, signed by the composer, giving the Schumann Club the right of a first public performance of the work without payment of any fee or other consideration, this release to be operative only in case the composition is awarded a prize in this contest; and (d) stamps or money order to cover return postage. The Schumann Club claims no rights in the prize-winning compositions except that of first performance. The Club agrees to find a publisher for the prize-winning manuscripts, all royalties to go to the composers, but no composer will be bound to accept this offer of publication. The contest will close November 1, and all inquiries or manuscripts should be sent to the Secretary of the Schumann Club, 47 West Seventy-second street, New York.

The Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, N. Y.) offers $500 in cash prizes for pictures made with its cameras and products before February 15, 1920. The competition will close May 1.

Prize offers still open :

Prizes of $400, $300, $200, and $100 offered by the Drama League of America for the best plays, pag. eant or masque, and moving-picture scenario celebrating the three-hundredth anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims in America, contest to. close May I. Particulars in March WRITER.

Prize of fifty dollars for the best list of twentyfive sentences selected from books of standard authors; and a prize of fifty dollars for the best list of twenty-five similes selected from great prose writers or poets, offered by Grenville Kleiser. All lists must be mailed by June 1. Particulars in March WRITER.

E. A. Karlsen prizes of $1,000 and $500 for the most meritorious papers on the subject, "What Can a Man Afford," announced by the American Economic Association, to be submitted by October 31. Particulars in January WRITER.

Prizes of $150 and $100 offered by the Poetry Society of America annually for the best poems. read at the monthly meetings of the Society. ticulars in January WRITER.

Par

Prize of $3,000 offered by Physical Culture (New York) for the best novel, to be published as a serial, received before October I, 1920. Particulars in August WRITER.

Frize of $1,000 offered by the World Trade Club, for the single new word, submitted by May 15, 1920, which will best denote the United States and all parts of Britannia. Particulars in October WRITER.

Berkshire Music Colony prize of $1,000 for the best composition for a string quartette, closing August 1. Particulars in December WRITER.

Gratuity prize of £100 for the best reputed story published in 1920 by the London publisher, Herbert Jenkins. Particulars in October WRITER.

Hawthornden prize of £100 for the best work of imaginative literature in English prose or poetry, published during the previous twelve months. Particulars in September WRITER.

American Historical Association prize of $250 for the best essay on American military history submitted before July 1, 1920. Particulars in September WRITER.

Prizes of $500, $200, and $100 for the best title to the picture on the cover of Life for January 29 submitted before noon, May 3. Particulars in March WRITER.

Doubleday, Page, & Company's prize of fifty dollars for the best letter of not more than two hundred words written in answer to a question asked by Grant M. Overton, concerning his novel, "Mermaid." Particulars in March WRITER.

Prize of $200 for the best original composition for four-part chorus of women's voices, with piano ac

companiment, submitted by July 1, offered by the Tuesday Musical Club, of Pittsburgh. Particulars in March WRITER.

Goldman Concert Band prize of $250 for the best composition for band by an American composer. All manuscripts must be submitted in score form by May 1. Particulars in March WRITER.

Hart, Schaffner, & Marx prizes of $2,000 for the four best studies in the economic field submitted before June 1, 1920. Particulars in July WRITER.

l'rize of $2,000 for the best essay on "The Control of the Foreign Relations of the United States : the Relative Rights, Duties, and Responsibilities of the President, of the Senate and the House, and of the Judiciary, in Theory and in Practice," offered by the American Philosophical Society. Competition to close December 31, 1920. Particulars in July WRITER.

Prize of $1,000 for a new air for the Yale song, "Bright College Years," offered by the Yale class of 1899. Particulars in August WRITER.

I'rize of fifty dollars for the best poem written by a native Kansan submitted by May 1, offered by Willard Wattles, of the English department of the University of Kansas. Particulars in January WRITER.

Prizes of five dollars and two dollars for the best physique photographs published in Physical Culture each month, and in addition a prize of $100 for the best physique photograph submitted in the next six months beginning with November. Particulars in November WRITER.

National Municipal League prize of $250 for the best essay on a subject connected with Municipal Government, contest closing September 15, 1920. Particulars in February WRITER.

Prizes of $50, $30, and $20 offered by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the best essay by students in negro institutions of learning on "The Economic Element in Lynching and Mob Violence," contest ending May 1, 1920. Particulars in February WRITER.

Prize of $2,000 offered by the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris for the two best essays on "Tolerance in Economics, Religion, and Politics." Particulars in February WRITER.

Monthly prizes offered by the Photo-Era (Boston) for photographs, in an advanced competition and a beginner's competition.

Prizes of two dollars and one dollar offered monthly by Wohelo (New York) for stories, short poems, and essays, written by Camp Fire girls. Particulars in October WRITER.

The Boston Evening Record is paying one dollar each week day for a poem written by a Record reader.

to make ourselves comfortable. We let our vocabularies be limited, and get along rawly without the refinements of human intercourse, without refinements in our Own thoughts; for thoughts are almost as dependent on words as words on thoughts. For example, all exasperations we lump together as "aggravating," not considering whether they may not rather be displeasing, annoying, offensive, irritating, or even maddening; and without observing, too, that in our reckless usage we have burned up a word which might be convenient when we should need to mark some shading of the word "increase." Like the bad cook, we seize the frying-pan whenever we need to fry, broil, roast, or stew, and then wonder why all our dishes taste alike while in the next house the food is appetizing. It is unnecessary. large the vocabulary. . . . I know that when we use a word for the first time we are startled, as if a firecracker went off in our neighborhood. We look about hastily to see if anybody has noticed. But finding that no one has, we may be emboldened. A word used three times slips off the tongue with entire naturalness. Then it is ours forever, and with it some phase of thinking which had been lacking hitherto. For each word presents its own point of view, discloses a special aspect of things, reports some little importance not otherwise conveyed, and so contributes its small emancipation to Our tied-up minds and tongues. George Herbert Palmer.

En

Diligent Labor in Composition. Το Beethoven inspiration came, as it came to Poe, as the gift from above of a mere tiny fragment with Poe the germ of an idea, with Beethoven just a little handful of notes; and this fragment was imperfect, so much so that he turned it over in his mind for months or years, fashioning and refashioning it, polishing and perfecting, and sometimes, after long efforts at improvement, returning finally to an earlier form. He kept beside his very bed a sketchbook in which he could record the musical thoughts which had occurred to him. When he was walking he would stop, and take such a book from his pocket and jot down a new

idea that had struck him, or the recasting of an old one. This practice he began as a boy and continued through life, and when he died fifty of his sketch-books which still remained were included in the catalogue of the sale of his effects. His criticism of his own ideas was severe; he discarded many more of his inspirations than he used, so that if he had carried to completion all the symphonies of which his note-books show the beginnings, instead of nine of them, we should have had at least fifty. Mendelssohn used to show a correction of a passage by Beethoven in which the latter had pasted alteration after alteration up to thirteen in number. Mendelssohn had separated them, and in the thirteenth Beethoven had returned to the original version. . . . In the case of Beethoven and Brahms the successive stages of composition, the clipping and trimming, the lengthening and shortening of passages, the reshaping of melodies, the recasting of harmonies, and the rebalancing of parts were largely recorded on paper. In the case of some other composers this work has proceeded as a purely mental process, no record being kept. But it had to be done, nevertheless. .

Mozart wrote: "It is a very great error to suppose that my art has become so exceedingly easy to me. I assure you that there is scarcely any one who has worked at the study of composition as I have. You could scarcely mention any famous composer whose writings I have not diligently and repeatedly studied throughout." This laborious attempt to grasp the principles of effective composition by the study of the great works of others has been made by every great composer. Bach copied out the works of Italian and French composers. Handel traveled much as a young man, hearing and studying the works of other nations. Elgar's awakening came when as a boy he first caught sight of a copy of Beethoven's first symphony, was struck by its effects, and began to study the means by which these were obtained. His present method of composition is essentially that of Mozart: the labor is done without pen and paper, but it is done. As he told the present writer: "An

idea comes to me, perhaps when I am walking. On return I write it down. Weeks or months afterward I may take it up and write out the piece of which it has become the germ. The actual labor of writing this, with the complete orchestral scoring, takes. perhaps eight or ten hours. But the piece has gradually shaped itself in my mind in the meantime." "A Listener's Guide to.

Music," by R. A. Scholes.

A copy is as

A

Copy, Duplicate, Replica. nearly like the original as the copyist has power to make it ; a duplicate is exactly like the original; a carbon copy of a typewritten document must be a duplicate; we may have an inaccurate copy, but never an inaccurate duplicate. A fac-simile is like the original in appearance; a duplicate is the same as the original in substance and effect; a fac-simile of the Declaration of Independence is not a duplicate. A fac-simile of a key might be quite useless; a duplicate will open the lock. An imitation is always thought of as inferior to the original; as, an imitation of Milton. replica is a copy of a work of art by the maker of the original. A duplicate is really an original, containing the same provisions and signed by the same persons, so that it may have in all respects the same force and effect. A copy is a reproduction of an original, or even of a reproduction of an original, but not necessarily of the same size, nor retaining all the good or bad qualities of the object copied. Thus, there are good, bad, and indifferent copies of the Venus de Milo, in bronze, marble, and alabaster, the original being of marble. There are also copies of photographs, ranging in quality according to the skill of the copyist, and may be printed in any size or in any medium. A reproduction is the same as a copy, and may be executed in the form of a photograph, photogravure, or halftone."W. A. F.," in the Photo-Era.

BOOK REVIEWS.

SATIRE IN THE VICTORIAN NOVEL. By Frances. Theresa Russell, Ph.D. 335 pp. Cloth. New York The Macmillan Company. 1920.

Students of the technique of writing will be deeply interested in this interpretive studyof Victorian fiction, emphasizing the tenden